Instructor: Manuela Gardner Textbook: Principles of Animal Physiology

1. Biology 364 – Animal Physiology • Instructor: Manuela Gardner • Textbook: Principles of Animal Physiology • Course website (Manuela Gardner): www.zoology.ubc.ca/~gardner

2. Contact info Manuela Gardner Office: Room 1370, Biological Sciences Bldg. Email: gardner@zoology.ubc.ca Office Hours: Fridays 1200-1300

3. Biology 364 – Animal Physiology Respiratory System – uptake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxideCirculatory System –primary internal transport for substances (eg oxygen & nutrients) and other functionsIon and water regulation – deals with ion and water balance, and nitrogen excretion

4. Grading and assessment • Marking Scheme • Problem sets: 30% • 1 per section (3 total) • These will be representative of questions given on the final exam. • Final: Open book/notes - 70%

5. Animal Physiology - definition • “The study of how animals work” – Knut Schmidt-Nielsen • Structure and function of various parts - How these parts work together

6. Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1) • Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws • Physiological processes are usually regulated • Homeostasis – maintenance of internal constancy • Phenotype is a product of genotype and its interaction with the environment • Genotype – genetic makeup • Phenotype – expression of genotype in morphology, physiology, and behavior • Phenotypic plasticity – single genotype generates more than one phenotypic outcome depending on environmental conditions • Genotype is the product of evolution

7. Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1) • Physical properties of a material are linked to function (e.g., bone) • Chemical laws govern molecular interactions (e.g., effects of temperature) • Electrical laws describe membrane function, including excitable cells • Body size influences biochemical and physical patterns – allometric scaling • Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws

8. Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1) • Physiological processes are usually regulated • Homeostasis – maintenance of internal constancy How do animals deal with variations in their environment?

9. Physiological Regulation • Conformers • (a) Allow internal conditions to change when faced with variations in external conditions • (b) Internal environment adjusts to reflect external conditions

10. Physiological Regulation Moyes and Schulte; Figure 1.4

11. Physiological Regulation • Regulators • (a) Maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of the conditions in the external environment • (b) Keep internal environment within narrow limits

12. Physiological Regulation - Homeostasis • Maintenance of internal conditions in the face of environmental perturbations • Controlled by feedback loops or reflex control pathways • Negative feedback loops • Positive feedback loops Figure 1.5

13. Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1) • Phenotype is a product of genotype and its interaction with the environment • Genotype – genetic makeup • Phenotype – morphology, physiology, and behavior • Phenotypic plasticity – single genotype generates more than one phenotype depending on environmental conditions

14. Phenotypic Plasticity • Can be irreversible or reversible • Irreversible • Polyphenism - developmental plasticity • Reversible • Acclimation - lab • Acclimatization – natural environment

15. Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1) • Adaptation • Change in a population over evolutionary time (i.e. many generations) • Trait that confers an increase in reproductive success via natural selection • Genotype is the product of evolution

16. Physiology and evolution • Physiologists attempt to understand and account for diversity of animal body form and strategies that animals use to cope with their environments • Two types of questions • Proximate cause – How? • Ultimate cause – Why?

17. Biology 364 – Animal Physiology Respiratory System – uptake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxideCirculatory System –primary internal transport for substances (eg oxygen & nutrients) and other functionsIon and water regulation – deals with ion and water balance, and nitrogen excretion