Ancient Civilizations

1. Ancient Civilizations The Asian World

2. Peoples of East and South Asia China: Sui dynasty Tang dynasty Song dynasty Yuan dynasty

3. Sui Dynasty • China fell into chaos after Han dynasty ended in 220 • 581, Sui dynasty was set up/ Unified China/ short lived • Emperor Sui Yangdia built the Grand Canal that linked Yellow River & Yangzte River • Canal made it easier to ship rice north & south • Yangdi used forced labor to build the canal • Extravagant living, high taxes, & military failures caused a rebellion & dynasty ended

4. Sui dynasty Sui Yangdi

5. Grand Canal of China

6. Tang Dynasty • Lasted from 618-907 • Tang rulers began by instituting reforms, restoring civil service examination for recruiting civilian bureaucrats, & trying to stabilize the economy by giving land to peasants and breaking up the power of large landowners • Extended control north to control Tibet • Established diplomatic relations with people of SE Asia & Koreas

8. Tang Dynasty • Brought about its own destruction/ Rulers were not able to prevent plotting & government corruption • Tang Xuanzang = emperor/ fell in love with a commoner’s daughter/ Upset general demanded someone pay for war & strive & forced the woman to hang herself • Uighurs, northern tribal group of Turkic speaking people ended the Tang dynasty in early 10th century/were hired to fight for Tang but overthrew them instead • Led China into civil war

10. Song Dynasty • Ruled from 960-1279/ major period of economic & cultural achievement • Uighurs still caused the Song dynasty a problem/ lost control of Tibet • In order to stay in power, Song became allied with Mongols • Within a few years, Mongols turned on the Song & overthrew them creating a Mongol dynasty

11. Chinese Government & Economy • 700 years from the beginning of Sui to the end of the Song • China had a large bureaucracy/ outside the capital, government had a structure of provinces, districts, & villages • Agriculture, manufacturing, & trade grew dramatically between Sui & Song • Primarily a farming society • Reform efforts & advances in farming techniques created an abundance of food

12. Chinese Government & economy • Chinese began to make steel which was used to make swords & sickles • Intro of cotton led to new kinds of clothes • Gunpowder invented during the Tang dynasty/ used to make explosives a weapon called “fire lance” • Woodblock printing was developed during Tang dynasty led to books being mass produced • Silk Road was revived during the Tang dynasty due to unification with SW Asia

13. Sickle Fire Lance

14. Chinese Society • Marco Polo described Hangzhou, capital of Song, as a Paradise • Majority of Chinese lived off the land and lived in villages/ Most hardly left their villages during their entire life • Status of women was very low/ female children were considered less desirable than males/ female infants might even be killed if there was not enough food for all • Wives became part of their husband’s families • Her parents would provide a dowry to the husband

15. Chinese Culture

16. Mongols

17. Mongol Empire • Mongols came from present day Mongolia • Organized loosely into clans/ Temujin gradually unified the Mongols • In 1206, Temujin was elected Genghis Khan “strong ruler” at a massive meeting in the Gobi • Genghis devoted himself to conquests/Mongols created the largest land empire in history/Comprised of much of the Eurasian landmass/capital was Karakorum • Genghis died in 1227/ empire was divided among his sons/ attacked Persians, Abbasids, and Song

18. Temujin: Genghis Khan United Mongol Clans

20. Mongol Dynasty in China • When attacking the Song, Mongols first experienced gunpowder & the fire-lance • In 1279, Kublai Khan completed the conquering of Song & established Yuan dynasty in China/ established capital of Khanbaliq = now known as Beijing • Under Kublai, Mongol forces advanced against Vietnam, Java, Sumatra, & Japan/ Mongol military tactics of cavalry charges & siege warfare were not effective in these largely, tropical hilly regions & the Mongol campaigns failed

21. Yuan dynasty Kublai Khan

22. Mongol Dynasty in China • Mongols were successful at ruling China • Adapted to the Chinese political system & used Chinese bureaucrats • Mongols formed their own class = staffing the highest positions in the bureaucracy • Mongols won support of Chinese people due to the economic prosperity & social stability the Mongols brought with them • Marco Polo wrote stories about how wonderful Khanbaliq was

23. Marco Polo

24. Mongol Dynasty in China • Mongol dynasty fell apart due to problems that affected the other dynasties; too much spending on foreign conqests, corruption, growing internal stability • In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang, son of a peasant, formed an army & ended the Mongol dynasty & established the Ming dynasty

25. Zhu Yuanzhang: Overthrew The Yuan Dynasty

26. Religion & Government • Buddhism & Daoism emerged to rival Confucianism during Sui & Tang dynasties • Confucianism reemerged at the end of the Tang period & held dominance until early 20th century • Buddhism came to China in 1st century a.d. / brought by Indian missionaries & merchants • Due to instability after the collapse of the Han dynasty, both Buddhism & Daoism attracted many people; especially ruling classes, intellectuals, & wealthy

27. Religion & Government • Early Tang rulers supported monasteries/ Buddhists & Daoists become advisors at court • Buddhism was attacked for being a foreign religion/ Buddhist monasteries held lands & serfs; with these holdings came corruption • Late in the Tang period the government destroyed many Buddhist temples & forced thousands of monks to return to secular life • Official support went to reviving Confucianism

28. Neo-Confucianism • Neo-Confucianism = differed by teaching the world is real & that fulfillment comes from participation • Neo-Confucianist divided the world into material & spiritual worlds & that humans linked the two • Humans live in the material world but are linked with the Supreme Ultimate • The goal of humans is to unify with the Supreme Ultimate through a careful examination of moral principles that rule the universe

29. Chinese Literature & Art • Invention of printing during Tang dynasty made literature available & very popular • Poetry became big/ 2,200 authors wrote at least 48,000 poems/ poems celebrated beauty of nature, changes of seasons, & joys of friendships • Li Bo & Duo Fo = 2 most popular poets/ Li Bo ‘s poems were memorized by Chinese school children for centuries/ Duo Fo = serious Confucian concerned with social justice & the poor

31. Chinese Art • Landscape painting reached its height during the Song & Mongol dynasties • Painters went into the mountains to paint & find the Dao or Way = nature • Landscape paintings reflects the Daoist search for balance between earth & water • Ceramics & Tang-period porcelain began to flourish • Porcelain did not reach Europe until eighteenth century

33. PORCELAIN

34. Peoples of East and South Asia Japan: Yamato clan Fujiwara family Minamoto shogunate Ashikaga shogunate

35. Japan Geography • Lies on the Ring of Fire • Archipelago • 4 largest islands =Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu • Capital = Tokyo, on Honshu • Islands are peaks of volcanic mountains • Islands are covered with rugged mountains and steep hills • Climate is heavily affected by ocean currents; varies from tropical in south to cool in north • About size of California

36. Rise of Japanese State • Japanese first settled in Yamato plain; near present day Osaka & Kyoto • Society was compromised of clans; people were divided into small aristocratic classes and latter classes of farmers, artisans, & servants • Local rulers protected the population in return for a share of the harvest • Shotuku Taishi tried to unify the Japanese clans to resist Chinese invasion/ To do this he imitated the Chinese structure of government

37. Japanese State • Ruler was portrayed as a divine figure & the symbol of Japan • Taishi’s successor continued to emulate Chinese model/ centralized government • After Taishi’s (622) death, Fujiwara clan gained power • Fujiwara ruler moved capital to Nara/ used the title “Son of Heaven”/ central government declined • 794, emperor moved the capital to Heian (present day Kyoto)…government returned decentralized system that existed before Taishi

38. Fujiwara Family Gained Power

42. Japan • During Heian period, peasants would give their land to aristocrats to avoid paying high taxes, becoming tenant farmers • Landed aristocrats increasingly turned to military power to pursue interests/ led to creation of Samurai – “those who serve” = knights who had own code of Bushido – “way of warrior” – were loyal to their lord & employer • Late 12th century, Japanese wealthy families were in constant constant civil war

43. SAMURAI BUSHIDO

44. Japan • Nobleman Minamoto Yoritomo defeated several rivals & set up his power near modern Tokyo & created a centralized government called a shogunate • Shogunate = centralized government under a shogun, military ruler, not an emperor • Yoritomo’s Kamakura shogunate lasted from 1192 to 1333 • 1281 Kublai Khan invaded with superior forces, but a typhoon destroyed the entire Mongol fleet • Japan would not have foreign invaders again until 1945(end of WWII)

45. Minamoto Yoritomo

46. Japan • Power of Aristocrats grew during the 14th & 15th centuries • Daimyo = heads of families/ controlled vast land estates that were tax exempt • Daimyo relied on samurai’s to keep control • By 1500 central power had disappeared • Onin War = civil war/ almost destroyed Kyoto/ rivalries of powerful lords pushed Japan into chaos

47. Onin War

48. Life in Early Japan • Largely a farming society • Due to heavy rainfall, farmers grew rice • Trade & manufacturing began to develop during the Kamakura period/ Industries = paper, iron casting, & porcelain • Foreign trade with Korea & China emerged in 11th century • Women had a level of equality with men in early Japan/ 8th century law guaranteed inheritance rights for women/ abandoned wives could divorce & remarry

49. Life in Early Japan • Women were still considered subordinate to men • Husband could divorce on the grounds of the wife talking too much, having a serious illness, or unable to produce a male child • Women played an active role in various aspects of society • Early Japanese worshipped spirits called kami that resided in nature/ Beliefs evolved into Shinto which became the state religion • Shinto = “the Sacred Way” or “Way of the Gods” is still practiced today

50. Shinto • Early Japanese worshipped spirits called kami that resided in nature/ Beliefs evolved into Shinto which became the state religion • Shinto = “the Sacred Way” or “Way of the Gods” is still practiced today • Shinto = state doctrine that believes there is a connection between the divinity of the emperor & the sacredness of the Japanese nation • First emperor was descended from sun goddess, Amaterasu