The OEM perspective on sustainable mobility measures

1. The OEM perspective on sustainable mobility measures Gianfranco Burzio Centro Ricerche FIAT

2. More than one hundred years of mobility Elitism All Fiat Brand cars Accessibility Sustainability Source: ISTAT

3. The driver to technological innovation… • … determined in the past by cost reduction needs, has been progressively shifting towards : • Performance increase • Comfort and Ergonomy improvement • Safety improvement • Fuel economy • Emissions reduction • The last three items are still today top priorities, and will be the drivers of future technological evolutions in the perspective of • A SUSTAINABLE INDIVIDUAL MOBILITY

4. The greenhouse problem The atmosphere as a bathtub: current inputs and outputs of carbon 4/5 is from fossil fuel burning. Nearly all the rest is from deforestation and other changes in land use

5. World Wide road transportation today • world average CO2 emission of a car : 1 tonC/year • world number of circulating cars: 820 millions • global CO2 emissions from cars: 820 million tC/year Today circulating car park has an impact on total CO2 emissions of: 820 / 7000 = 11.7% and on CO2 increase of: 820 / 4000 = 20.5%

6. The goal of road transportation • World average carbon emissions of one car: 1 tonC/year • Number of cars expected by 2050 : 2 billions • Overall expected emissions by cars in 2050: 2 GtC/year Effort needed in the next 40 years just to keep road transportation CO2 emissions constant: Halving the fuel consumption of fossil fuels • - 16 % W.W. • every 10 years Total park of light-duty vehicles by region Source: WBCSD, 2004a.

7. What have we to do?

8. The solutions must be “Sustainable” “Sustainable development”: a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987) Social Equitable Bearable Sustainable Environment Economic Viable

9. The 'integrated approach' of the CO2 legislation • The CO2 legislation sets a binding target for new cars of 120g/km by 2012. • Nevertheless, legislation do not ask automobile manufacturers to bear the full responsibility for this reduction, proposing instead an 'integrated approach' where average emissions are to be brought down to just 130g/km through vehicle-technology improvements. • The remaining cuts (10g/km) have to be achieved by complementary measures, such as the further use of • Biofuels (5 g/km) • Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems • Maximum Tyre Rolling Resistance Limit (for aftermarket) • High efficiency Air Conditioning • Gear Shift Indicator • Phase in: • 2012: 65% of new cars will have to comply • 2013: 75% have to comply • 2014: 80% • 2015: 100% From 160 g/km in 2006 to 130 g/km in 2015 the rate of decrease is -20.6% in 10 years on new cars

10. The benefit of European CO2 legislation Carbon emissions by the European car park (261 million cars) amount to 150 MMTc/year. Carbon emissions by the 15 millions of yearly new European cars presently amount to 8.6 MMTc/year The 20.6% reduction of carbon emissions from new cars entailed by the European legislation, corresponds to 1.8 MMTc/year The benefit due to European legislation will imply a mere 1.2% reduction of carbon emissions coming from private mobility. On a global basis, the benefit of this same legislation against total carbon emissions of anthropogenic origin (~7000 MMTc) will be 0.023% The move is in the right direction, but it is not enough !

11. What have we to do? Short term Medium term Long term

12. What have we to do? Short term Medium term Long term

13. The short term approach reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce Data referring to Fiat Punto EVO 1.4 on NEDC Cycle

14. Weight and fuel consumption If Punto EVO would make a diet … • Individual mobility in Europe accounts for 2700 billion km/year • A weight reduction of 100 kg on all European cars would imply a CO2 saving of 10.8 Megatons per year CO2 emissions [g/km] -3.5 g/km CO2 every 100kg saved Car weight [kg]

15. Priority technologies MULTIAIR technology Extended Start&Stop Coolant By-pass valve Accelerator pedal released Automatic clutch opening Engine off Exhaust Heat exchanger Engine turbocharging Accelerator pedal pressed Engine on Automatic clutch closing Engine Warm up 3

16. What have we to do? Short term Medium term Long term

17. Fuels with low carbon content (CNG, LPG)

18. What have we to do? Short term Medium term Long term

19. Towards alternate resources FOSSILFUELS sources RENEWABLES NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY SYNTHETIC FUELS BIOFUELS carriers ( No Hydrogen ! )

20. The “Integrated Approach” as the only way to sustainability Reducing Road Transport CO2 Emissions Conventional stand-alone approach Consumer Information labeling Fleet renewal Consumer & Real World Driving Taxation and fiscal measures Public procurement Integrated approach Motor vehicles Infrastructure and traffic management Fuels and energy Eco-driving and driver behaviour

21. Traffic management Reducing Road Transport CO2 Emissions Consumer & Real World Driving Consumer Information labeling Fleet renewal Taxation and fiscal measures Public procurement Motor vehicles Infrastructure and traffic management Fuels and energy Eco-driving and driver behaviour

22. Pay per use

23. OEMs suggestions • Transport modes do not compete with each other; in general modes are complementary, mobility credits have to be consumed also using public transport. • Accessibility (or availability) of different transport means has to be considered. • Mobility credits consuming/road pricing has to be fair and scientifically measurable avoiding any negative side effects. • Charging has to be technology neutral. • Electric (or hybrids in electric mode) vehicles have also to be charged (CO2 emission for electric power production, space occupancy, congestion impacts). • Real time emissions measurements has to be, in medium term, the main criteria to follow. • Mobility credits could be more effective to push people to adopt more sustainable behaviour (use smaller/low emission vehicles, adopt different transport modes, etc.) since they will produce not only a cost saving but also an economic resource.

24. The OEM perspective on sustainable mobility measures Gianfranco Burzio Centro Ricerche FIAT Email gianfranco.burzio@crf.it