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The United States in

The United States in. North Africa. Colonial North Africa. French had taken Algeria 1830 Tunisia 1881 Morocco 1912. Colonial N. Africa, 1940. Rise of Nationalism. Small nationalist movements Tunisia – Neo-Destour (Habib Bourguiba) (mainly middle class). Tunisia.

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The United States in

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  1. The United States in North Africa

  2. Colonial North Africa • French had taken Algeria 1830 • Tunisia 1881 • Morocco 1912

  3. Colonial N. Africa, 1940

  4. Rise of Nationalism • Small nationalist movements • Tunisia – Neo-Destour (Habib Bourguiba) (mainly middle class)

  5. Tunisia • French leave fall 1942 • German-Italian occupation • Bourguiba remains loyal to De Gaulle • Some nationalists collaborate

  6. Morocco • Sultan Muhammad V emerges as nationalist • During Vichy, Sultan disagrees with persecution of Moroccan Jews, though he has little power

  7. Algeria • 3 nationalist groups • Ferhat Abbas - French-speaking middle class • Salafis - Muslim revivalists (Ben Badis) – popular among masses • Workers (Messali Hadj) (in France and Algeria)

  8. Free French and Syria • 1941 - Under Anglo-US pressure, • Gen. Charles De Gaulle of Free French • Promises Lebanon and Syria independence after war

  9. Impact of War • Destruction of cities, ports • Tobruk, Benghazi, Tripoli • Roads, bridges, power stations blown up • Italians conscript Libyans, many die • Long-term impact of mines

  10. Casablanca • Roosevelt comes to Morocco Jan. 1943 • For Casablanca Conference • Meets Sultan

  11. Roosevelt • Secretly promises Sultan Muhammad V • That Morocco will be independent • Offers US economic aid

  12. Morocco • 10 Dec. 1943 • Istiqlal Party established • 3000 nationalists

  13. Istiqlal • Jan. 1944 demonstrations • Brutally put down by French • Sultan, Istiqlal gain popularity • Fail to get independence in 1945

  14. Algerian Independence Movement • Ferhat Abbas: Algerian Manifesto, Dec. 1942 • Presented to Allies, French • Sought independence for Algeria

  15. Half Measures • De Gaulle admitted that North African Muslims had remained loyal • 1943 – some Muslims given French citizenship • Not enough for most

  16. Syria • 1941 British attack Vichy Syria & Lebanon • In alliance with Arab Brigade of Jordan • Take them in June 1941

  17. Iraq • Iraq independent 1932 • Iraqi officer corps makes coup 1936 • Sympathizes with Hitler as anti-imperialist

  18. Issue of Germany • Conservative pro-British PM • Nuri es-Said • Cuts off relations with Germany 1939 • Opposed by successor, Rashid Ali

  19. Rashid Ali • 3 April 1941 military coup • Installs Rashid Ali as PM • Spokesman for Golden Square military clique • Besieges British air base at Habbaniyah

  20. British Invasion • Churchill insists on action • British invade from India • Arab Legion comes from Jordan • Habbaniyah-based Royal Air Force decimates Iraqi military

  21. Baghdad Falls • British take Baghdad • Restore Nuri es-Said as Prime Minister • Safeguard British petroleum interests at Mosul & Kirkuk from Germans

  22. Conclusion • Germans wanted Suez Canal, • Petroleum resources of Middle East • British keep them out of Egypt, Iraq • But cannot decisively defeat them • Rise of US as Power in North Africa, Iran

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