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Basic Anatomy

Basic Anatomy. Aaron J. Katz, AEMT-P, CIC www.es26medic.net. Outline. General Anatomy By body region An overview Airway Anatomy Breathing Mechanics Body Substance Isolation. Some Definitions. Anatomy Study of human structure Physiology Study of human function Pathophysiology

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Basic Anatomy

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  1. Basic Anatomy Aaron J. Katz, AEMT-P, CIC www.es26medic.net

  2. Outline • General Anatomy • By body region • An overview • Airway Anatomy • Breathing Mechanics • Body Substance Isolation

  3. Some Definitions • Anatomy • Study of human structure • Physiology • Study of human function • Pathophysiology • Study of what happens when normal physiology does not work correctly

  4. Anatomic Position • Person facing forward with palms facing forward • Used to provide uniformity in describing the body and its components • Examples…

  5. Terms of Direction

  6. Terms of Direction -- 2

  7. Movements

  8. Positions • Prone • Supine • Fowler’s Position • Semi-Fowler’s Position • Trendelenberg Position • Shock Position

  9. Musculoskeletal System • Three main functions • Shape • Protection • Movement • Divided into two segments • Axial • Appendicular • 206 bones

  10. Skull • Skull vs. Cranium • Four parts • Frontal • Parietal • Temporal • Occipital

  11. Skull -- 2 • Orbits • Nasal bones • Zygoma • Maxilla • Mandible

  12. Spinal Column – 5 divisions • Cervical – 7 “bones” • Thoracic – 12 bones • Lumbar – 5 bones • Sacrum – 5 bones • Coccyx – 4 bones (“fused”) • “Tail”

  13. Thorax • 12 pairs of ribs • 10 pairs articulate with sternum • 2 lowest pairs are called “floating ribs” • Sternum – 3 parts • Manubrium • Sternal “body” • Xyphoid Process

  14. Pelvis • Ilium • Large bone containing the “iliac crests” • Ischium • Posterior portion • Pubis • Acetabulum • Socket of the hip joint • Fractures in the pelvic area are often life threatening…

  15. Lower Extremities • Femur – thigh • Largest bone of the body • Patella – Knee cap • Tibia – Shin • Fibula

  16. Lower Extremities -- 2 • Malleolus • Lateral and medial • Tarsals • Ankle • Metatarsals • Foot • Phalanges • Toes

  17. Lower Extremities -- 3 • Arteries • Femoral • Popliteal • Posterior tibial • Dorsalis Pedis

  18. Upper Extremities • Clavicle • Most frequently broken bone in the body • Scapula • Shoulder Girdle • Humerus • Radius / Ulna • Carpals, Metacarpal, Phalanges • Arteries • Brachial, Radial, Ulnar

  19. Joints • Fused • Skull • Fontanelles • Hinged • Fingers, Knee • Ball and Socket • Shoulder • “Hip”

  20. Muscles • Same function as skeleton • Three types of muscles • Voluntary • Under control of brain via the nervous system • Responsible for movement • Involuntary • Responsible to “automatically” control • GI, GU, Blood Vessel Size, Breathing, Heart “Beat”

  21. Cardiac Muscle • Specialized form of involuntary muscle • Has the property of automaticity • Allows the heart to generate electrical impulse on its own • Automaticity and heart disease

  22. The Abdomen • Divided into four quadrants • RUQ • Liver, Gallbladder, Colon • LUQ • Stomach, Spleen, Colon • RLQ • Appendix, Colon • LLQ • Colon

  23. The Abdomen -- 2 • Small Intestine • Found in all quadrants • Retroperitoneal Organs • Pancreas • Behind RUQ and LUQ • Urinary Bladder • Behind RLQ and LLQ • Kidneys • Above the level of the umbilicus

  24. Abdominopelvic Organs • Hollow • Stomach • Small Intestine • Appendix • Large Intestine (colon) • Ureters • Urinary Bladder • Urethra

  25. Abdominopelvic Organs • Solid • Liver • Spleen • Kidneys • Pancreas

  26. Abdominopelvic Organs • Reproductive • Female • Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, Vagina • Male • Scrotum, Penis • All organs are outside of the body cavity

  27. Airway Anatomy • Mouth / Nose • Oropharynx / Nasopharynx • Pharynx • Throat

  28. Airway Anatomy -- 2 • Trachea • “Tube” surrounded by semicircular cartilage – giving it shape • Top cartilage is the Cricoid Cartilage • Totally surrounds the tube • Many implications in emergency medicine • Ventilation • CPR • …

  29. Airway Anatomy -- 3 • Bronchi • 3 on the right side • 2 on the left side • Bronchioles • Alveoli • One cell thick • Oxygen (O2) in • Carbon Dioxide (CO2) out • O2 and CO2 diffuse to/from capillaries to/from alveoli – the action is here!

  30. Breathing Mechanics • Inhalation – an active process • CO2 level in the bloodstream rises • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract • Ribs and lungs move upward and outward • Lung capacity increases • Causing lower air pressure in the lungs than in the atmosphere – and therefore – • Air rushes into the lungs – UNTIL • Atmospheric pressure = air pressure in lungs

  31. Breathing Mechanics -- 2 • Exhalation – A passive process • Diaphragm and intercostals move upward • Ribs and lungs move downward and inward • Causing higher air pressure in the lungs than in the atmosphere • Air leaves the lungs

  32. Breathing Mechanics -- 3 • CO2 level rises • The entire process begins again • …

  33. Body Substance Isolation • “BSI” • Protect Yourself • and your patient • Gloves • Eye Protection (goggles) • Gown • Use common sense! • But don’t intimidate your patient!

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