America Claims an Empire

1. America Claims an Empire Ch.18

2. Imperialism Issue “We are Anglo-Saxons, and must obey our blood and occupy new markets, and, if necessary, new lands.” -Senator Albert Beveridge, April 27 1896 “Our form of government, our traditions, our present interests, and our future welfare, all forbid our entering upon a career of conquest.” -William Jennings Bryan, December 13, 1896

4. “Speak softly, but carry a big stick” What do you think this quote means? Roosevelt defines “Civilized” Civilized- White, Anglo-Saxon, economically developed, industrial goods. Uncivilized- Non-white, Latin, or Slavic, supplier of raw materials and markets.

5. Imperialism & the US • Since War of 1812- not very involved in European politics. Examples of Imperialism • Seward tried to purchase Hawaii and Danish West Indies, but instead got the Midway Islands and the rights to build a canal in Nicaragua. • French tried to take Mexico during Civil War and Seward threatened Napoleon III and he backed down. • Purchase of Alaska

6. “New Imperialism”Acquiring territory or gaining control over political or economic life of other countries. Reasons for Imperialism 1) Needed worldwide markets for growing industrial and agricultural surpluses. 2) Sources of raw materials. 3) International Darwinism

7. Groups in favor of Imperialism • Missionaries- Reverend Josiah Strong wrote that it was Protestant Americans duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity. • Politicians- Republicans generally allied with business leaders who wanted more resources and markets. (Henry Cabot Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt) • Naval Power- U.S Navy Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote that a strong navy was crucial for a country to become a world power. (his book influenced the decision to build modern steel ships for the US Navy) • Popular Press- Newspapers and magazines sold more stories if they wrote adventure stories about exotic distance places.

8. Latin America • Monroe Doctrine (1820’s) US had taken a strong interest in the Western Hemisphere. • Secretary of State (Under Harrison) James Blaine went to the Pan-American Conference in 1889. • Helped start cooperation economically and politically.

9. Monroe Doctrine Precedence • Venezuela and British colony of Guiana fighting over a boundary dispute. • 1895 & 1896 President Cleveland and Secretary of State Richard Olney wanted Britain to arbitrate the dispute. • Britain decides that US friendship was more important and backs down. • 1895 and forward the relationship between Britain and the US would be solid.

10. Spanish-American War • American imperialism turns toward Cuba. Reasons to Pursue Cuba. • Large American investments in Cuban sugar. • Spanish misrule of Cuba • Monroe Doctrine

11. Causes of War • Jingoism- Intense form of nationalism calling for aggressive foreign policy. -Presidents Cleveland and McKinley thought it would be morally and economically unsound to use military action. • Cuban Revolt- Cubans revolted and Spain sent 100,000 troops to suppress the revolt.

12. Causes of War • Yellow Press- Pulitzer’s New York World and Hearst’s New York Journal - Printed false and exaggerated accounts of Spanish atrocities in Cuba. • De Lome Letter 1898- Spanish diplomat’s letter was leaked to the press and printed in the Journal. Highly critical letter of President McKinley.

13. Causes of War • Sinking of the Maine- Less than 1 week after the De Lome letter, U.S battleship the Maine was anchored in the harbor of Havana, Cuba. -Exploded and killed 260 Americans on board. -Yellow Press accused Spain of blowing up the ship.

14. McKinley’s war message • McKinley gave Spain an ultimatum to agree on a ceasefire in Cuba. Spain agreed • But U.S newspapers and majority of Congress demanded war. • Eventually McKinley gave in to the pressure. Reasons: • Put and end to the barbarities, bloodshed, starvation, and horrible miseries in Cuba. • Protect the lives and property of U.S citizens living in Cuba. • End the very serious injury to the commerce, trade, and business of the our people. • End the constant menace to our peace arising from the disorders of Cuba.

15. Bell Ringer 2/20 • What four groups were in favor of Imperialism? • What early 19th century policy did America use to justify their involvement in Cuba/ the Spanish American War? • Define jingoism.

16. Teller Amendment • Congress authorized war on April 20th. • Teller Amendment :U.S would not take political control of Cuba and once peace was restored the Cuban people would control their own government.

17. Fighting the War • First shots were fired in Manila Bay in the Philippines • Secretary of State John Hay called it “a splendid little war.” Philippines • Theodore Roosevelt(Assistant secretary of the navy) realized the value of Spanish territory in the Pacific. • Ordered the new all-steel navy and Commodore George Dewey to the Philippines. • U.S took over Manila Bay and eventually took over the City of Manila on August 13.

18. Invasion of Cuba • Very ill-prepared group of U.S soldiers landed in Cuba in June. • Disease killed 5000 American soldiers compared to 500 dying in battle. • “Rough Riders” led by Theodore Roosevelt went on a charge up San Juan Hill. • More important was the U.S Navy demolishing the Spanish fleet in Santiago Bay on July 3. No navy for Spain = Surrender.

19. Controversy: Treaty of Peace • Signed in Paris on Dec 10, 1898. • Recognition of Cuban independence. • U.S acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam. • U.S acquisition of the Philippines for $20 million. Imperialists v. Anti-imperialists Congress argues over whether to pass the Treaty of Paris. Anti-imperialists argued it violated the Declaration of Independence. Feb. 6, 1899- Imperialists won out and it was ratified (57-27) (Thanks to William Jennings Bryan)

20. Election of 1900 • William Jennings Bryan v. William McKinley • Bryan hoped to use anti-imperialism as a platform. • Backfired and McKinley won convincingly.

21. Puerto Rico & the US • Over time Puerto Rico became a part of the U.S • 1917- Congress passed the Jones Act to make Puerto Rico U.S territory and U.S citizens. • Americans take advantage of Puerto Rican sugar. • Helped and hurt their economy.

22. Activity • With a partner, think of ways the United States is still imperialistic. • How would the U.S be different today if it had not become imperialistic?

23. Annexation of Hawaii • American missionaries had settled Hawaii in the 1830’s. (hurt Hawaiian society.) • U.S expansionists wanted the lands to make bases. • American planters wanted to overthrow the Hawaiian monarch, Queen Liliuokalani. (Needed duty free sugar, thus make Hawaii a state) • President Harrison signed the annexation as he left office but President Cleveland would not support it. • When Republicans returned to power they approved the annexation of Hawaii in 1898.

24. Acquisition of Samoa • 3000 miles south of Hawaii • American naval station • America, Germany, and Britain tried to establish say over Samoa. • All 3 divided Samoa. • Eventually, Germany and the US split Samoa and compensated Britain.

25. Platt Amendment • Cuba was occupied by the U.S until 1902. • Cuba created a constitution that made no reference to the U.S • Congress Response: Platt Amendment: Cuba must agree • Never to sign a treat with a foreign power that impaired independence. • Never build up an excessive public debt. • To permit the U.S to intervene in Cuba’s affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order. • To allow the U.S to maintain naval bases in Cuba, including at Guantanamo Bay.

26. Philippine War • 1898-1902 (LONG!!!!!!!!!!) • Vicious war • Philippine insurgent forces trying to gain independence. (led by Emilio Aguinaldo) • Extreme brutality and atrocities on both sides. • Ended when Aguinaldo was captured and signed a treaty.

27. Open Door Policy • American interest in Asia/China were growing. • Germany, France, Russia, England, and Japan were also exploiting China. • President McKinley and Secretary of State John Hays both asked for “Open Door Notes” Boxer Rebellion • Secret Chinese martial-arts society against foreigners. • Murdered/attacked dozens of Christian missionaries. • U.S troops helped put down the rebellion in Beijing China.

28. American in Latin America Venezuela unable to pay debts to European countries. Germany bombarded Venezuela and rumored making a permanent base there. Roosevelt threatened Germany and they retreated. Roosevelt Corollary- (Example: Dominican Republic)

29. Panama Canal French had failed in Panama US compromised and bought the holding for $40million. Sent John Hays(Secretary of State) to negotiate with Columbian diplomats Tomas Herren- Signed an agreement giving the US rights for $10million and $250,000 a year. Columbian gov. refused and sent a counter for $20 million. Roosevelt helped aid a revolution in Panama, and 3 days later Roosevelt recognized them as and independent nation.

30. Diplomacy Taft- “Dollar Diplomacy”- Use money to negotiate. Wilson- “Moral Diplomacy”- Issue with Mexico. Madero became new leader and was hostile towards US. US backed Victoriano Huerta to overthrow Madero under Taft. Huerta’s men kill Madero. Wilson refuses to back Huerta “government of butchers” Veracruz- US tried to seize Veracruz and 126 Americans die. Pancho Villa- led a rebel army. Killed 16 American miners. US.