Antebellum Culture and Reform Chapter12 (Sections 1& 2)

1. Antebellum Culture and Reform Chapter12 (Sections 1& 2)

2. Health Fads and Phrenology- pg.328-329 Medical Science- pg. 329-330 Temperance- pg. 327-328 Revivalism, Morality, and Order- pg. 326-327 Jigsaw Activity

3. Origin: Latin ante bellum before the war First Known Use: circa 1847 Webster’s definition: existing before a war; especially: existing before the American Civil War What does Antebellum refer to?

4. Matching Match the author in the left column to the their famous work in the right column

5. Herman Melville-Moby Dick James Fenimore Cooper- The Last of the Mohicans

6. Henry David Thoreau- Civil Disobedience (this work influenced Gandhi and MLK Jr.) Ralph Waldo Emerson- Nature

7. Edgar Allen Poe –The Raven

8. “The simultaneous efforts to liberate the individual and impose order on a changing world also helped create a wide range of new movements to remake society…” (326) By 1830’s these movements took the form of organized reform societies Remaking Society

9. New organizations formed for a wide range of issues: “temperance; education; peace; the care of the poor, the handicapped, and the mentally ill; the treatment of criminals; the rights of women,” and more What do you notice about this list? New Reform Movements • These issues from the past are presently debated today as well; they are universal issues

10. Philosophy of reform several different sources • Transcendentalists- rejected Calvinist doctrines (predestination) • Included Thoreau and Emerson • 2nd Protestant revivalism-began with Second Great Awakening • Evolved into a powerful reform movement • Theologically different than transcendentalism but alike in that they both felt every individual was capable of salvation Revivalism, Morality, and Order

11. Evangelist Presbyterian Minister • Most influential revival leader of the 1820s-1830s • Preached that each person had capacity to experience spiritual rebirth and salvation • Revival of faith did not depend on a miracle from God (could be created by individual effort) Charles Grandison Finney

12. Charles Grandison Finney

13. Revivals in “burned-over district” in upstate NY • Experienced economic change (where Erie Canal had been built). • Successful among those who felt threatened by change (including the prosperous worried about social changes), and women Charles Grandison Finney

14. Alcohol seen as responsible for crime, disorder, poverty. • Large problem in West where farmers made extra grain into whiskey, in East as leisure activity. • Average male in 1830s drank three times as much alcohol as the average person today • Trying to impose discipline on society • Disturbing to old residents of communities The Temperance Crusade

15. Interest in individual + social perfection • Led to new health theories • Also threat to public health by cholera epidemics in 1830s/40s led to city health boards • Since boards found few solutions Americans turned toward nonscientific theories to improve health • “water cure (hydrotherapy)” • German “phrenology” in 1830s through efforts of Fowler brothers- shape and regions of skull was an indicator of character + intelligence Health Fads and Phrenology

16. Sylvester Graham

17. Sylvester Graham • Connecticut born Presbyterian minister • Committed reformer • Won followers with prescriptions for eating fruits, vegetables, and bread made from coarsely ground flour instead of meat. • Like dietary theories today • Graham Cracker named after a type of flour named for him. Did you know?

18. Science of medicine lagged behind other technology. • Scientific advances due to lack of regulation led many poorly educated people to be physicians • Absence of basic knowledge of disease- vaccination • Anesthesia result of luck vs. study • William Morton- New England dentist looking for ways to help patients endure the pulling of teeth Medical Science

19. Early Dentistry (William Morton)

20. Without knowledge of scientific methods and experimentation little was learned about treating and the transmission of disease • Prestige of the profession, therefore remained low • Was for many people a career of last resort Medical Science

21. Boston essayist, poet, and physician • Published his findings from a study of large numbers of cases of “Puerperal Fever” (septicemia in children) • Concluded that disease could be transmitted from one person to another • At the time this theory was criticized but was later validated by a Hungarian physician Oliver Wendell Holmes

22. Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.

23. Reform toward universal public education- by 1830 no state had a public education system (some limited state versions [MA, ect.]) reflection of new belief of innate capacity of every person, society’s obligation to tap that, expose kids to social values Reforming Education

24. Greatest reformer- educated electorate essential to work free political system • Academic year lengthened 6 months • better teacher salaries + training (2x) Horace mann

25. 1850s tax-supported elementary schools in all states • Quality of education varied widely- Horace Mann’s MA professional + trained, elsewhere some barely literate, limited funding • West dispersed pop=less opportunity, • South blacks barred from formal education • only 1/3 children nationwide in school

26. School reform achievements: US literacy rate highest in world, new emphasis led to new institutions to help handicapped • Perkins School for the blind (Boston) • School efforts to impose set of social values on children seen as important in industrial nation • Thrift • order • Discipline • Punctuality • respect for authority

27. “Asylums” for criminals + mentally ill. • Antiquated (old) jails replaced w/ new penitentiaries and mental institutions • jailing debtors + paupers (very poor person) decreased • Reform & rehabilitate inmates- rigid discipline to curb criminal “laxness”, solitary confinement to contemplate crimes. • Overcrowding became problem-rehabilitation became less of a goal • Idea- properly structured institution to prevent moral failure + rescue people from failure • led to orphanages, almshouses for poor, homes for “friendless women” to prevent prostitution Rehabilitation

28. Main US Indian policy had been relocation to make way for expanding white civilization Reform led to idea of reservation- enclosed area for Indians to live in isolation from white society Served economic interest of whites, but also attempt to teach ways of civilization in protected setting The Indian Reservation

29. Women 1830s/40s had to deal w/ traditional limitations and now “Separate Spheres” The notion of separate spheres dictates that men, based primarily on their biological makeup as well as the will of God, inhabit the public sphere– the world of politics, economy, commerce, and law. Women's "proper sphere", according to the ideology, is the private realmof domestic life, child-rearing, housekeeping, and religious education. Resentment over limitations. Leaders of women’s movement (Grimke sisters, Stowe sisters, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Dorothy Dix) began to draw connections between their abolitionist ideas and plight of women 1848 organized convention at Seneca Falls, NY to discuss women’s rights- led to “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions” stating all men + women equal, call for women’s suffrage. Many women in feminist movement Quaker The Rise of Feminism

30. Lucretia Mott

31. Grimke Sisters Angelina Sarah

32. Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony

33. Progress limited in antebellum yrs- only few became physicians, ministers Women benefited from association w/ other reform movements (very impt abolition), but led some to consider their demands secondary to slave rights The Rise of Feminism (Continued)

34. Antislavery movement not new to the mid-nineteenth century First ever slave revolt in North America 1526 Efforts even before the revolution to limit and even eliminate the institution These efforts helped end slavery for most of the North by the end of the 18th century The Crusade Against Slavery

35. Manumission-is the act of a slave owner freeing his or her slaves. In the United States before the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which abolished slavery, this often happened upon the death of the owner, under conditions in his will What is Manumission?

36. Early 19th century opposition by genteel (proper or refined) lot (1817) • American Colonization Society- Virginians who wanted manumission & transportation out of country but also maintain property rights by compensating slaveholder—1830 Liberia • Failed b/c not enough private + state funding, too many slaves to be possible, opposition from 3rd/4th generation Africans far removed from society + lands • By 1830 movement losing strength- colonization not viable, cotton boom in Deep South + planter commitment to “peculiar institution” led to dead end Early Opposition to Slavery

38. William Lloyd Garrison employed by antislavery newspaper (Genius of Universal Emancipation), but impatient w/ moderate tone + reform proposals • 1831 founded his own paper called the Liberator • should look from black perspective, shouldn’t talk in terms of damage to white society. Reject “gradualism”, extend African Americans full rights of American citizens • Gained Northern following, founded New England Antislavery Society 1832, year later American Antislavery Society- membership grew rapidly • Growth b/c like other reform movements committed to unleashing individual human spirit, eliminate artificial social barriers Garrison and Abolitionism

39. William Lloyd garrison

41. Greatest abolitionist Frederick Douglass- escaped slavery, lectured in NE. His newspaper North Star, autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845). Demanded freedom, but also social + economic equality Frederick Douglass

43. Both Northerners & southerners opposed abolition • Seen as threat to social system, feared war between sections & influx of blacks to North • Escalating violence against abolitionists 1830s- abolitionist headquarters “Temple of Liberty” in Philadelphia burned by mob, Garrison seized • Yet movement grew despite • suggesting members strong-willed + passionate, great courage and moral strength. Anti-Abolitionism

44. By 1830s abolitionists faced serious internal strains + divisions. • Prompted b/c anti-abolitionist violence made some favor moderation • radicalism of William Garrison and his attacks on slavery, opposition to slavery, call for full equality for women, extreme pacifism, call for northern disunion from South. Moderates called for “moral suasion” of slaveholders, later political action • 1839 Amistad- slaves seized ship tried to return to Africa. US navy captured ship. Supreme Court 1841 declared the Africans free • 1842 Prigg v. Pennsylvania ruled states need not enforce 1793 law requiring return of fugitive slaves, “personal liberty laws” in northern states forbade officials to assist in capture + return of runaways Abolitionism Divided

45. What is the Difference between Intrastate and Interstate commerce? Vocabulary Intra- within a states borders (trade within the state) Inter- Within two or more states (Ex: From Pennsylvania top New York)

46. Nat’tgovt pressured to abolish slavery in areas of federal govt jurisdiction, prohibit interstate slave trade. No political party ever founded, but “free-soil” movement to keep slavery out of territories became popular Some abolitionists violent, American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of A Thousand Witnesses (1839) distorted images of slavery Most powerful abolitionist literature Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1851)- combined sentimental novel w/ political ideas of abolitionist. Story of good, kindly blacks victimized by cruel system movement. Brought message to new audience, but also inflamed sectional tensions to new level Divided