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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. Endocrine System Diseases and Disorders. Anatomy and Physiology. Endocrine system consists of many glands, including: Hypothalamus Pituitary Pineal Thymus Thyroid. Anatomy and Physiology. Endocrine system consists of many glands, including: Parathyroids Adrenals

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 Endocrine System Diseases and Disorders

  2. Anatomy and Physiology • Endocrine system consists of many glands, including: • Hypothalamus • Pituitary • Pineal • Thymus • Thyroid

  3. Anatomy and Physiology • Endocrine system consists of many glands, including: • Parathyroids • Adrenals • Pancreatic islets • Ovaries and testes

  4. Anatomy and Physiology • Each gland unique and delivers secretion into bloodstream • Negative feedback system controls amount of hormones secreted

  5. Animation Click Here to Play Endocrine System Animation

  6. Diagnostic Tests • Thyroid and testes • Endocrine glands that can be physically examined • Blood and urine testing for hormones • CT scan and MRI for tumors or alteration in organ size

  7. Pituitary Gland Diseases • Hyperpituitarism • Increase in activity of pituitary gland • Oversecretion affects growth hormone leading to excessive growth of bones and tissues • If occurs before puberty, gigantism occurs • If occurs during adulthood, acromegaly occurs • Affects small bones of hands, feet, and face by enlarging them

  8. Pituitary Gland Diseases • Hypopituitarism • Abnormal decrease in activity of pituitary gland • Effects: • Dwarfism • Abnormality of secondary sex characteristics • Amenorrhea and infertility in adult females

  9. Pituitary Gland Diseases • Hypopituitarism • Effects: • Adult males may have decreased testosterone levels and libido • Decrease in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) may lead to metabolic disorder • Diagnosis of pituitary function by blood test

  10. Pituitary Gland Diseases • Hypopituitarism • Treatment: • Hormone replacement • Monitoring • Adjustment

  11. Pituitary Gland Diseases • Diabetes insipidus • Caused by decrease in release of vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone • Excessive polyuria • Urinating 2 to 15 gallons of urine in 24 hours

  12. Pituitary Gland Diseases • Diabetes insipidus • Symptoms: • Polydipsia • Hypotension • Dizziness • Constipation

  13. Pituitary Gland Diseases • Diabetes insipidus • Diagnosis by urinalysis and water restriction test • Urine • Colorless • Low specific gravity • Treatment: • Administration of vasopressin

  14. Thyroid Gland Diseases • Hyperthyroidism • Thyroid gland secretes excessive thyroxine • Caused by tumor of thyroid gland • Symptoms: • Tachycardia • Nervousness • Hyperactivity • Excessive excitability

  15. Thyroid Gland Diseases • Hyperthyroidism • Symptoms: • Tremendous appetite with weight loss • Diarrhea • High heat production • Moist skin • Extreme thirst

  16. Thyroid Gland Diseases • Hyperthyroidism • Treatment to reduce thyroxine often effective • Surgery may be necessary

  17. Thyroid Gland Diseases • Hyperthyroidism • Autoimmune condition • Graves’ disease • Symptoms: • Exophthalmos • Treatment: • Medication • Radiation • Surgery

  18. Exophthalmos Photo courtesy Mark L. Kuss

  19. Thyroid Gland Diseases • Simple goiter • Enlargement of thyroid generally due to inadequate iodine • Asymptomatic until thyroid presses on trachea and esophagus leading to dyspnea and dysphagia • Treatment: • Potassium iodide followed by iodine in diet • Surgery to decrease dysphagia and dyspnea

  20. Goiter Photo courtesy Mark L. Kuss

  21. Thyroid Gland Diseases • Hypothyroidism • Decrease in thyroxine • Symptoms: • Fatigue • Sensitivity to cold temperatures • Thin nails • Brittle hair • Excessive weight gain

  22. Thyroid Gland Diseases • Hypothyroidism • Diagnosis by blood hormone level • Treatment: • Hormone replacement

  23. Parathyroid Gland Diseases • Hyperparathyroidism • Overproduction of parathormones by one or more of the four parathyroid glands • Causes hypercalcemia leading to kidney stones, bone weakness, and hyperactivity of heart

  24. Parathyroid Gland Diseases • Hyperparathyroidism • Diagnosis by blood tests • Treatment directed at cause • Prognosis good with proper treatment

  25. Parathyroid Gland Diseases • Hypoparathyroidism • Decrease in parathormone leading to low blood calcium • Causing irritability of muscles • Tetany • Causes uncontrolled contraction of muscles in face and hands

  26. Parathyroid Gland Diseases • Hypoparathyroidism • Diagnosis by checking for Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs • Treatment: • Vitamin D • Calcium

  27. Adrenal Gland Diseases • Adrenal glands • Also known as suprarenals • Have two distinct parts: • Inner • Medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine • Fight or flight hormones • Outer • Cortex controlled by ACTH

  28. Adrenal Gland Diseases • Adrenal glands secrete mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones • Cortisone • Glucocorticoid used to treat inflammatory disease • Should be used short-term only

  29. Adrenal Gland Diseases • Cortisone side effects: • Hypertension • Ulcers • Moon face • Drowsiness • May mask symptoms of infection

  30. Adrenal Gland Diseases • Hyperadrenalism • Oversecretion of adrenal cortex hormones • Conn’s syndrome • Overproduction of mineralocorticoid aldosterone

  31. Adrenal Gland Diseases • Cushing’s syndrome • Overproduction of glucocorticoid cortisol • Androgenital syndrome • Overproduction of sex hormones

  32. Adrenal Gland Diseases • Hypoadrenalism or Addison’s disease • Low secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex

  33. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases • Pancreas • Both exocrine and endocrine gland • Islets of Langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon • Insulin lowers blood sugar • Glucagon increases blood sugar

  34. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases • Sugar or glucose • Primary source of energy for all tissue cells • Diabetes mellitus • Affects carbohydrate and sugar utilization due to lack of insulin

  35. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases • Diabetes mellitus • Symptoms: • Polydipsia • Polyuria • Polyphagia • Types: • Type 1 • Type 2

  36. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases • Diabetes mellitus • Type 1 • Also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus • Most serious • Affects children and young adults before age 25 • Requires daily injections of insulin • Thought to be autoimmune disorder

  37. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases • Diabetes mellitus • Type 1 • Individuals do not usually secrete insulin • Making control difficult • Follow strict diet • Monitor blood levels • Administer daily insulin • Exercise and stress can alter insulin needs

  38. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases • Diabetes mellitus • Type 2 • More common in adults • Gradual onset occurring most often in obese females over age 40 • Thought to be caused by wearing out of pancreatic islets of Langerhans • Usually controlled with diet, exercise, and oral medication to stimulate insulin secretion

  39. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases • Diabetes mellitus • Complications: • Diabetic shock • Occurs rapidly • Result of taking too much insulin and not eating enough food

  40. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases • Diabetes mellitus • Complications: • Diabetic shock • Symptoms: • Diaphoresis • Light-headedness • Trembling • Treatment: • Emergent with intravenous (IV) glucose to raise blood sugar

  41. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases • Diabetes mellitus • Complications: • Diabetic coma • Not enough insulin or too many carbohydrates in diet • Progresses slowly with individual becoming lethargic and slipping into coma

  42. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases • Diabetes mellitus • Complications: • Diabetic coma • Symptoms: • Slow, deep breathing pattern • Fruity or sweet-smelling breath • Polyuria • Polydipsia • Dehydration • Ketoacidosis

  43. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases • Diabetes mellitus • Complications: • Atherosclerosis • Diabetic retinopathy • Kidney damage • Diagnosis by history and blood glucose testing • No cure

  44. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases • Gestational diabetes • Can occur during pregnancy • Usually discovered with routine urine testing during prenatal visits • Treatment: • Diet • Exercise • Medications

  45. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases • Gestational diabetes • Injectable insulin controls sugar levels • Usually disappears after delivery • Women often affected later in life by adult-onset diabetes

  46. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases • Hypoglycemia • Abnormally low blood sugar • Less than 60 • Symptoms: • Light-headedness • Diaphoresis • Trembling

  47. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases • Hypoglycemia • Diagnosis by glucose test • Treatment dependent on cause

  48. Reproductive Gland Diseases • Hypergonadism • Increased hormone production before puberty • Diagnosis by blood test for elevated hormones • Treatment: • Removal or radiation of tumors to suppress hormones

  49. Reproductive Gland Diseases • Hypogonadism • Decreased sex hormone production by puberty • Treated with hormones

  50. Effects of Aging • Decreased secretions from glands • Lessened glucose tolerance • Diabetes mellitus common

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