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PRESENTATION ON THE BEYOND 3G NEXT-GENERATION NETWORKS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PROGRAM AT FRANCE

PRESENTATION ON THE BEYOND 3G NEXT-GENERATION NETWORKS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PROGRAM AT FRANCE. UNDERTAKEN AND PRESENTED BY: RAJARAJAN.S B.Tech (CSE) ASSISTANT SYSTEMS ENGINEER TRAINEE (RECRUITED) TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES INDIA.

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PRESENTATION ON THE BEYOND 3G NEXT-GENERATION NETWORKS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PROGRAM AT FRANCE

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  1. PRESENTATION ON THE BEYOND 3G NEXT-GENERATION NETWORKS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PROGRAM AT FRANCE UNDERTAKEN AND PRESENTED BY: RAJARAJAN.S B.Tech (CSE) ASSISTANT SYSTEMS ENGINEER TRAINEE (RECRUITED) TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES INDIA

  2. DYNAMIC CLUSTERING-BASED ADAPTIVE MOBILE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT IN INTEGRATED VANET-3G HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS RAJARAJAN.S B.Tech CSE (Pondicherry Engineering College, 2009) Assistant Systems Engineer Trainee (Recruited to join), Tata Consultancy Services, India TARIK TALEB, Member, IEEE and Vice-Chair, IEEE ComSoc Satellite and Space Communications Senior Researcher and Standardization Engineer, NEC Europe Networks R&D Labs, Heidelberg, Germany ABDERRAHIM BENSLIMANE, Senior Member, IEEE and Vice-Chair, IEEE ComSoc Communication and Information Security Professor, Laboratoire D’Informatique – Reseaux et Applications Multimedias, University of Avignon, Avignon, France © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

  3. AGENDA OF THE PRESENTATION © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • INTRODUCTION • OVERVIEW OF THE STATE OF ART • PROPOSED VANET-3G INTEGRATED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE • DYNAMIC CLUSTERING IN VANETs • ADAPTIVE MOBILE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT • PERFORMANCE EVALUATION • CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH • REFERENCES • INDUSTRIAL AND ACADEMIC R&D PROJECTS • SCOPES AND BUSINESS PROSPECTIVES OF BEYOND 3G NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS

  4. INTRODUCTION TO VANET AND 3G-UMTS NETWORKS © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • Vehicular Ad hocNetworks (VANET): • IEEE 802.11p Wireless Local Area Networks • Unlicensed Frequency: 5.9 GHz • Gross Data Rates: 6 to 27 Mbps • Peak Radio Communication Range: 300 metres • Total number of channels: 7 ; Channel Frequency : 10 MHz • 3G – Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) • Wide-area Cellular Network standardized by 3GPP, operated by WCDMA • Licensed Uplink Frequency: 1.925 GHz • Licensed Downlink Frequency : 2.115 GHz • UTRAN Dedicated Channel (dch 4) Data Rates: 384 Kbps (UL), 2 Mbps (DL) • UTRAN HSDPA Data Rates: 2 Mbps (UL), 7.2 Mbps (DL) • Radio Communication Coverage Range : 8 to 10 km per BST

  5. EXISTING INTERNET CONNECTIVITY IN VANETs © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • Great deal of momentum for internetworking and providing data connectivity to VANETs • Vehicular Communication is twofold: • Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communication: Communication among vehicles by IEEE 802.11p radio interface • Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communication: Communication between vehicles and static roadside infrastructure Gateway APs using DSRC, WLAN. These Static Gateways are in turn connected to wired Internet • Disadvantages of static Gateways: • Cost of erecting static roadside infrastructure gateways at fixed distances from one another • Unsuited nature of static Gateways for infrastructure-less and dynamic VANET scenarios and multi-hop nature of communication • Unfavourable during Gateway Handover due to pro-active nature of communication

  6. PURPOSE OF VANET-UMTS INTEGRATION © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • Provision of seamless data access and inter-networking support to dynamic, infrastructure-less VANET by envisioning VANET – UMTS integration • Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (HWN): Integration of individual wireless networks for seamless connectivity with co-existence of multiple access techniques. • Multi-hop Beyond 3G Networks: Type of HWN - formed by integration of IEEE 802.11p multi-hop ad hoc networks (VANET) with 3G UMTS • PURPOSE: • Coupling high data rates (IEEE 802.11p) with wide range of communication (3G) facilitates extension of UMTS service coverage over VANET • Configuring vehicles with UMTS UTRAN interface enables them connect to internet and serve as mobile gateways • Suited for dynamic, infrastructure-less topologies and multi-hop, reactive nature of communication in VANET. • Facilitation of Gateway Handover and elimination of dead spots in UMTS

  7. PURPOSE OF MOBILE GATEWAYS IN VANET-UMTS INTEGRATED NETWORK © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • Gateway: Dual-interfaced intermediate vehicle in VANET that enables data communication between the vehicles in the VANET and backhaul UMTS network • Configuration and enabling of dual interfaces of 3G UMTS and IEEE 802.11p in Gateway vehicles for serving as liaison between VANET and UMTS networks • Research Objectives and related issues: • Configuration of mobile gateways with dual interfaces of IEEE 802.11p and UTRAN – these two networks lie in two different spectrum regions • Selection of a minimum number of optimal gateways – To avoid bottleneck at UMTS BST, save access network resources and reduce hand-off frequencies • Performing Gateway Handover – to sustain UMTS service continuity and inter-connectivity during loss of optimality of serving Gateway • Choice of optimal Gateway Discovery Mechanism – to inform all vehicles of the multi-hop VANET about the Gateway. • Pro-active (Periodic GWADV): Less Delay ; High Overhead • Reactive (On-demand GWSOL): Less Overhead ; High delay

  8. PURPOSE OF CLUSTERING IN VANET-UMTS INTEGRATED NETWORK © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • Clustering : Grouping of vehicles based on similar characteristics to differentiate between ordinary and gateway vehicles • Tendency to enhance stability of links among vehicles, essential during broadcast of control packets and advertisement messages • Research Objectives and Issues: • Performing Dynamic clustering – To adapt to the infrastructure-less and dynamic environment of VANET • Classification of vehicles – To account the various related vehicular metrics and characteristics for optimal grouping • Computation of Time to Live (TTL) values – To effectively handle broadcasting of control packets and advertisement messages within clusters

  9. OVERVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • “An efficient routing protocol for connecting vehicular networks to the Internet ”, S.Barghi et al. [1]: • Selection of route with the longest lifetime to connect VANET to the wired network, by defining LET and RET metrics • Stationary/Mobile vehicles and purely stationary gateway. Pro-active communication between vehicles and fixed gateways • “ Neighbourhood Fish-Eye State Routing ”, T. Taleb et al. [2]: • Metric information such as hop-length or path-stability of the neighbour nodes are collected with the help of routing updates disseminated to retain stability • A node is a neighbour if a path with minimum reliability to the node exists. • “ Optimized Dissemination of Alarm Messages ”, A. Benslimane et al. [4]: • Achieves stability and reliability via efficient dissemination of alarm messages to relay nodes in risk zones • Relaying performed by vehicle with minimum ‘defer-time’, which is the time for which re-broadcasting is delayed by a vehicle, receiving control packet or advertisement message

  10. OVERVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • “Towards an Effective Risk-Conscious and Collaborative Vehicular Collision Avoidance Systems”, K.B.Latieif et al. [5]: • Cluster-based risk-aware collaborative vehicular collision avoidance system • Clustering of vehicles based on velocities, direction of movement and inter-vehicular distances • “A Stable Routing Protocol to support ITS services in VANET networks”, A. Jamalipour et al. [6]: • Addresses issues of path disruptions or link-breakage caused by vehicle’s mobility prior to the event’s occurrence • Grouping according to the movement directions to establish stable single-hop/multi-hop paths • “A Novel Multi-hop Beyond 3G Architecture for Adaptive Gateway Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks”, S.Rajarajan et al. [13]: • Integration of MANET with UMTS for anytime, anywhere seamless data access

  11. OVERVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • Dual-interface configuration, Multi-metric Adaptive Selection and Migration of Gateways • Metrics include residual energy, UMTS signal strength and mobility speed • Evaluation of the proposed AGMMB3G with existing HWN architectures • “Adaptive Distributed Gateway Discovery Scheme in Hybrid Wireless Networks”, Usman Javaid et al. [16] • Combines pro-active and reactive Gateway Discovery mechanisms • Description of advertisement interval and zone configuration, corresponding to number of hops • “An improved handover algorithm based on signal strength plus distance for interoperability in mobile cellular networks”, B. Singh et al. [17] • BST handover support – based on signal strength and distance for interoperability in mobile cellular networks • Initiation algorithm for intersystem (i.e. 2G GSM and 3G UMTS) handover based on combining geographical location of mobile terminals and signal strength thresholds.

  12. ENVISIONED VANET-UMTS INTEGRATED ARCHITECTURE Internet Global Servers Gateway Candidate Ordinary Vehicle Gateway GGSN SGSN RNC BST 3G Active Region CL 1.1 CL1. 2 Moving Direction Moving Direction CL 2.2 CL2.1 © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

  13. ENVISIONED VANET-UMTS INTEGRATED NETWORK • Individual networks in the envisioned HWN: • IEEE 802.11p-based infrastructure-less VANET • 3G UMTS cellular network • Components of UMTS network: • Base Station Transceiver (BST): UMTS Node B. Communication with the mobile clients via UTRAN interface • Radio Network Controller (RNC): Co-ordinates radio resources for BST • Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): Performs routing within the core components and network switching functions. • Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): Communication with external network and performs packet-switching within UMTS • IP Global servers are the data sources and vehicles are the mobile data clients • One or more BSTs according to ITS system management. © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

  14. 3G ACTIVE REGION AND GATEWAY CANDIDATES © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • 3G Active Region : Region within VANET where UMTS Received Signal Strength (RSS) is profound/intense (Greater than a pre-defined SSTh) – A portion of UMTS coverage region • Gateway Candidates (GWC): Vehicles in VANET, equipped with both IEEE 802.11p and UMTS UTRAN interfaces, lying within or moving into the 3G Active Region. UMTS UTRAN interface – Enabled on GWCs • Ordinary Vehicles (OV): Vehicles in VANET, that are either not equipped with IEEE 802.11p and UTRAN interfaces, or not lying within or moving into the 3G Active Region. UMTS UTRAN interface – Either unequipped or disabled on OVs • Selection of minimum number of optimal gateways per direction to enable VANET communication with UMTS. UTRAN interface is activated only on the gateways to communicate with the UMTS BST • Advantages of having minimum number of optimal Gateways: • Reduce bottleneck at UMTS BST by minimizing unnecessary allocation of additional UTRAN channels to vehicles during their short time of existence in VANET

  15. DUAL-INTERFACE CONFIGURATION OF THE GATEWAY 802.11p NETWORK MV UTRAN interface MV 3G UMTS UTRAN INTERFACE (DCH – IV) BANDWIDTH 384 Kbps (UPLINK RATE) 2.0 Mbps (DOWNLINK RATE) 0.1Mbps BASIC RATE 1.925 MHz UPLINK FREQUENCY 2.115 MHz DOWNLINK FREQUENCY VANET GATEWAY IEEE 802.11p INTERFACE 6 to 27 Mbps PEAK DATA RATE 1 Mbps BASIC RATE 5.9 GHz FREQUENCY © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

  16. DYNAMIC CLUSTERING IN VANETs © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • Increase in the stability of inter-vehicular links within the VANET for effective broadcasting and relaying of messages • Three stages of dynamic clustering: • On the basis of Direction of Movement • On the basis of UMTS Received Signal Strength • On the basis of IEEE 802.11p Wireless Transmission Range • Election of Cluster Head (CH) and Computation of Time-to-Live (TTL) • On the basis of Direction of Movement • Relative to the position of the UMTS BST • Relative to Cartesian Space • On the basis of UMTS Received Signal Strength • Grouping of Gateway Candidates (GWCs) and Ordinary Vehicles (OVs) • On the basis of IEEE 802.11p Wireless Transmission Range • Formation of groups consisting of chain of vehicles and their one-hop neighbours.

  17. ON THE BASIS OF DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT-STAGE I DIRECTION DIRECTION DIRECTION DIRECTION © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • Two phases: • Direction of movement relative to the position of the UMTS BST • Towards the BST • Away from the BST • Direction of movement in Cartesian Space • Formation of M directional groups by splitting the transmission range R of vehicles into M transmission angles (D1, D2, … DM) of equal degrees (360/M) • Each transmission angle – corresponding to each directional group • Each group characterized by vector SN= (CosθN , SinθN)where θN denotes angle of inclination in Cartesian Space • Usage of GPS device to determine angle of inclination θN and determine the vector co-ordinates (SN) in Cartesian Space

  18. ON THE BASIS OF UMTS RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH (RSS) – STAGE II v = vmax ∫(1 – e-v/a)dv RSS = RSS0 + v = 0 DIRECTION DIRECTION 3G ACTIVE REGION DIRECTION SC1 GWC SUB-CLUSTER DIRECTION © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL UMTS RSS – better consistency than metrics such as mobility speed Along a particular direction of movement, the UMTS RSS either increases or decreases consistently irrespective of velocity Higher speed towards the BST – higher is the rate of increase in UMTS RSS Higher speed away from the BST – higher is the rate of decrease in UMTS RSS UMTS RSS at time instant t, towards BST: RSSt = RSSt-1 + (1 – e-|vt - vt-1|/a) UMTS RSS at time instant t, away from BST: RSSt = RSSt-1 - (1 – e-|vt - vt-1|/a) In general,

  19. UMTS Signal Strength (RSS) UMTS Signal Strength (RSS) Slope A Slope B RSS0 Slope A Slope B 0 vMAX Mobility speed of the gateway candidates (v) RSS0 v0 vMAX Mobility speed of the gateway candidates (v) ON THE BASIS OF UMTS RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH (RSS) – STAGE II © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL Vehicles, formed in Stage I, that are equipped with both UTRAN and IEEE 802.11p interfaces and lying within or moving into 3G Active Region, receive intense UMTS RSS (greater than pre-defined SSTh) and form GWC sub-cluster. UTRAN interface is enabled on GWCs, in addition to activated IEEE 802.11p. Remaining vehicles are OVs. Activated only with IEEE 802.11p interface.

  20. CLUSTERING ON THE BASIS OF IEEE 802.11P WIRELESS TRANSMISSION RANGE DIRECTION DIRECTION DIRECTION SC1 SC2 SUB- CLUSTER • Pair of GWCs whose inter-vehicular distance is less than or equal to their IEEE 802.11p wireless transmission range form a new sub-cluster or join an existing sub-cluster if one of the GWCs is already a member of the sub-cluster • Transmission Range of GWC vehicle is determined as follows: • R = Tr . (1 – Є) -where, R – Wireless Transmission Range of the vehicle Tr – Peak Wireless Transmission Range of the vehicle Є – Wireless Channel Fading condition © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL DIRECTION

  21. ELECTION OF CLUSTER HEAD AND COMPUTATION OF TTL CH TTLc=2 TTLc=2 GWC5 GWC1 © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • Distributed Approach: • GWC1 and GWC5 – Border GWCs of the sub-cluster (formed in Stage III) • Identification of borders as leading and trailing edge GWCs of the sub-cluster • Leading edge (L.E) GWC – No neighbour behind it • Trailing edge (T.E) GWC - No neighbour in front of it • L.E GWC communicates that its status and its GPS co-ordinates to its one-hop neighbour in front • The neighbour calculates its relative distance from L.E GWC and transmits this information along with its GPS co-ordinates to its one-hop neighbour in front (R.D + GPS co-ordinates) • This continues till the information reaches the T.E GWC. The T.E GWC thus calculates its Relative Distance from the L.E. GWC and re-broadcasts this information along with its GPS co-ordinates • This continues till the re-broadcast message reaches the middle vehicle in the cluster (identified to be approximately (closest to) half of the R.D of the T.E. GWC) • Further re-broadcasting is not done and this vehicle claims itself to be the CH of the cluster • TTL (TTLc): Computed as the maximum hop distance between the CH and the border-edge GWCs

  22. MULTI-METRIC ADAPTIVE MOBILE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • Gateways: Intermediate vehicles which serve as a liaison between VANET and UMTS • Mobile Adaptive Gateways to support dynamic, infrastructure-less, reactive and multi-hop communication nature of GWs • 3 stages of Gateway Management include: • Multi-metric Mobile Gateway Selection: • To select minimum number of optimal CHs as Gateways, per direction, to enable VANET communicate with the backhaul UMTS network • Multi-metric Mobile Gateway Handover: • To perform handover of the serving gateway to one or more optimal gateways when the serving gateway loses its optimality • Gateway Discovery/Advertisement • To inform vehicles of the VANET about the Gateway by adopting Hybrid Gateway Discovery • Computation of TTL for the CH and vehicular source in VANET

  23. MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY SELECTION ALGORITHM • Begin Algorithm 1 • A source broadcasts GWSOL message within the VANET . Dynamic Clustering is • performed in 3 stages, as explained above • 2. When receiving GWSOL by a vehicle • If(VEHICLE_TYPE = CH or GWC) Then • 2.1. Transmit metric information of CH containing the three metrics Xi (i=1..3): RET with • source, UMTS RSS and MOBILITY_SPEED • 2.2. Discard duplicate GWSOL messages from the same source (if any). • Else • 2.3. Forward GWSOL to all vehicles in the next hop in the same direction and so on, till • GWSOL reaches at least one of the GWCs in each sub-cluster, reachable from the • source. • End If • 3. When receiving a reply, • 3.1. The source calculates the scaled metric Yi. • Foreach metric Xi of the CH, where 1< i < 3 do: © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

  24. Xi – Xmin Yi= Xmax - Xmin Xmax – Xi Yi= Xmax - Xmin MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY SELECTION ALGORITHM 3 WCH = ∑( Xi[PRIORITY_FACTOR] * Yi) i = 1 © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL If(Xi[CRITERION] is POSITIVE) Then Else If (Xi[CRITERION] is NEGATIVE) Then End If End For 3.2. The source calculates the weight of each CH by: 4. The source determines the CH with the maximum Weight and selects it as the GATEWAY 5. The source broadcasts information about the GATEWAY within the VANET

  25. - ( ab + cd ) + √( a2+ c2 ) R2 – ( ad – bc )2 LETij = a2 + c2 MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY SELECTION ALGORITHM © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL 6. The GATEWAY activates its 3GUTRAN interfacein orderto communicate with the UMTS BST 7. For every new ACTIVE_SOURCE do 7.1. If ((UMTS_RSS>SSTh) and (RET with New ACTIVE_SOURCE>RETTh)) Then 7.1.1. New ACTIVE_SOURCE continues with the same GATEWAY Else 7.1.2. Repeat Steps 1 to 5 for selecting a new GATEWAY End If End For End Algorithm 1 Note:1. There cannot be any common GWC as a neighbour to any 2 sub-clusters 2. RETn-1 = min{LETi,i+1}, i = 1,…,n – 1 a = vicos θi – vjcos θj;b = xi – xj ; c = visin θi – vjsin θj;d = yi – yj

  26. ADAPTIVE GATEWAY HANDOVER – THE PROCESS S METRIC REQUEST METRIC REQUEST METRIC RESPONSE GWC GWC METRIC RESPONSE METRIC REQUEST METRIC REQUEST METRIC RESPONSE GWC GW GWC CHa CHa GW ELECT Cha AS THE NEW GW AND INFORM VANET BY HYBRID DISCOVERY NEW GW COMPUTATION AND COMPARISON OF WEIGHTS (FOR MORE THAN ONE METRIC RESPONSE) LOSS OF OPTIMALITY © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

  27. MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY HANDOVER © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL Begin Algorithm 2 For the current serving gateway GW with respect to its sources, 1. If(SS[GW] < SSTh) Or(RET[GW] < RETTh)Then 1.1. Broadcast METRIC_REQUEST solicitations for new gateways 1.2. Receive METRIC_REQUEST from some CHs 1.3. Determine Gateway-Elects as the list of CHs with the maximum weight using MMGSA, with respect to each of its ACTIVE_SOURCE 1.4. Forward new incoming transactions to Gateway-Elects 1.5. Use Hybrid Gateway Discovery and Advertisement mechanism to inform vehicles about the Gateway-Elects End If 2. Gateway-Elects become serving gatewaysandsend acknowledgement to the old gateway GW End Algorithm 2

  28. GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISMS GWADV s GWADV GWADV GWADV G © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • PRO-ACTIVE • Periodic Broadcast of GATEWAY ADVERTISEMENT (GWADV) message by the GATEWAY • Less Delay • More Overhead

  29. GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISM...Contd GWSOL s GWSOL GWSOL GWSOL G © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • REACTIVE • On-demand Broadcast of GATEWAY SOLICITATION (GWSOL) message by Active Sources of MANET requiring data transfer • Less Overhead • More Delay

  30. GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISM...(Contd) s GWSOL GWSOL GWADV GWADV G © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • HYBRID • Integration of Pro-active and Reactive Gateway Discovery mechanisms • Periodic Broadcast of GWADV by Gateway and On-demand Broadcast of GWSOL by Active Sources in MANET • Less Overhead • Less Delay • Requires Configuration of GWADV zone and time interval

  31. GATEWAY DISCOVERY/ADVERTISEMENT d( s , OV1) d( s , OVn) TTLs = Max ( + 1 )) , ( Rs Rs © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL Hybrid Gateway Discovery – combining the pro-active and reactive mechanisms for less delay and overhead CH and elected GW broadcast periodic Cluster Advertisement (CA) and GWADV messages within the cluster using the TTLc From the CA/GWADV, every other GWC within the cluster knows metric information about CH: RET with the source(s), UMTS RSS and mobility speed of VANET Now, a vehicle which wants to become a vehicular source needs to broadcast reactively the on-demand GWSOL using TTLs TTLs – Computed as maximum of the hop distances between source and its nearest GWC (one-hop further from the last OV i.e. OVn), and between the source and the first OV in the VANET, so that the GWSOL reaches the OV and the immediate GWC Sufficient if the GWSOL reaches the GWC and not CH as GWC of the cluster knows information about its corresponding CH

  32. ILLUSTRATION OF HYBRID GATEWAY DISCOVERY IN VANET-3G INTEGRATED NETWORK AND LEMMA • A Vehicular source has the maximum RET with the CH of the nearest cluster • Source S has RET equal to 0 with the CH of the any other clusters existing beyond the reachable cluster as there will not be a neighbour GWC between any 2 clusters. BST CL 1.1 CL 1.2 TTLs TTLc CL 2.2 Moving Direction © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

  33. SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTSA. NS2 SIMULATION PARAMETERS FOR VANET © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

  34. UMTS SIMULATION PARAMETERS © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

  35. EVALUATION PARAMETERS © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • EVALUATION PARAMETERS: • Packet Delivery Ratio • Throughput • Control Packet Overhead • Packet Drop Fraction • Delay • METRICS CONSIDERED FOR EVALUATION: • VANET vehicular sources • Mobility speed variance • IEEE 802.11p wireless transmission range of vehicles • Number of clusters in VANET at an instance

  36. RESULTS IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 13.78% IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 18.01% IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 12.07% IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 23.39% © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

  37. RESULTS IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 16.71%(T) 22.2%(A) IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 24.97%(T) 29.45%(A) IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+: 18.79%(T),2.96%(A) IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 22.75%(T),10.65%(A) © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

  38. RESULTS IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 11.68 IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 16.62 IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 2.62 IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 10.74 © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

  39. RESULTS IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 8.75% IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO : 16.4% IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 13.22% IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO : 5.09% © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

  40. RESULTS IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 9.17% IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 5.67% © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

  41. CONCLUSION AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL • Envisioning a novel VANET – UMTS Integrated Network Architecture involving route stability, mobility and signal strength features. • Dynamic Clustering mechanism to: • Group vehicles moving in the same direction • Differentiate between Gateway Candidates and ordinary vehicles • Enhance Stability by grouping vehicles and their neighbours into clusters • Elect Cluster Head and enable CH communication with rest of the GWCs • Adaptive Gateway Management to: • Select minimum number of optimal and adequate gateways to avoid bottleneck at BST • Perform gateway handover at times of loss of optimality of the serving gateways • Discover the newly-elected Gateways within the VANET • To incorporate Collision Avoidance mechanism as risk-aware factor during clustering, as future work by defining a critical “inter-vehicular distance” among vehicles • To enable QoS for differentiating services according to vehicular priorities

  42. REFERENCES © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL 1. S. Barghi, A. Benslimane, and C. Assi, “An Efficient Routing Protocol for connecting Vehicular Networks to the Internet”, in Proc.10th IEEE Int’l Symp. on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, Kos, Greece, Jun. 2009. 2. M. Scholler, T. Taleb, and S. Schmid, “Neighborhood Fish-Eye State Routing”, in Proc.20th PIMRC, Tokyo, Japan, Sep. 2009. 3. M. Gerla, X. Hong, and G. Pei. “Fisheye State Routing Protocol (FSR) for Ad Hoc Networks”, Internet Draft draft-ietf-manet-fsr-03, Jun. 2002. 4. A. Benslimane, “Optimized Dissemination of Alarm Messages in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET)”, LNCS Springer Berlin/Heidelberg High Speed Networks and Multimedia Communications, Vol. 3079, pp. 655 - 666, Sep. 2004. 5. T. Taleb, A. Benslimane, and K.B. Letaif, “Towards an Effective Risk-conscious and Collaborative Vehicular Collision Avoidance Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,Nov. 2010. (to appear) 6. T. Taleb, E. Sakhaee, A. Jamalipour, K. Hashimoto, N. Kato, and Y. Nemoto, “A Stable Routing Protocol to support ITS services in VANET Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol.56, No. 6, pp.3337 - 3347, Nov. 2007

  43. REFERENCES 7. M. Heddebaut, J. Rioult, J. P. Ghys, C. Gransart, and S. Ambellouis, “Broadband vehicle-to-vehicle communication using an extended autonomous cruise control sensor”, Meas. Sci. Technol., Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 1363–1373, Jun. 2005. 8. M. Shulman and R. Deering, “Third annual report of the crash avoidance metrics partnership April 2003–March 2004,” Nat. Highw. Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA), Washington, DC, Jan. 2005. DOT HS 809 837. 9. C. Bergese, A. Braun, and E. Porta, “Inside CHAUFFEUR,” in Proc. 6th ITS World Congr, Toronto, ON, Canada, Nov. 1999. 10. L. Andreone and C. Ricerche, “Activities and applications of the vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communication to enhance road safety,” in Proc. 5th Eur. Congr. Exhib. ITS, Hannover, Germany, Jun. 2005. 11. R. Kruger, H. Fuler, M. Torrent-Moreno, M. Transier, H. Hartenstein, and W. Effelsberg, “Statistical analysis of the FleetNet highway movement patterns,” University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany, Tech. Rep. TR-2005-004, Jul. 2005. 12. W.-B. Zhang, H.-S. Tan, A. Steinfeld, B. Bougler, D. Empey, K. Zhou, and M. Tomizuka, “Implementing advanced vehicle control and safety systems (AVCSS) for highway maintenance operations,” in Proc. 6th Annu. World Congr. ITS, Toronto, ON, Canada, Nov. 1999. © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

  44. REFERENCES © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL 13. R. Manoharan, S. Rajarajan, S. Sashtinathan, and K. Sriram, “A Novel Multi-hop B3G Architecture for Adaptive Gateway Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks,” in Proc. 5th IEEE WiMob 2009, Marrakech, Morocco, Oct. 2009. 14. A. Lo, J. Zhou, I. Niemegeers, “Simulation-based Analysis of TCP over beyond 3G Cellular Multi-Hop Networks”, In Proc 17th IEEE PIMRC, Helsinki, Finland, Sep. 2006. 15. F.P. Setiawan, S.H. Bouk, and I. Sasase, “An Optimum Multiple Metrics Gateway Selection Mechanism in MANET and Infrastructured Networks Integration”, In Proc. IEEE WCNC, Las Vegas, NV, Mar. 2008. 16. U. Javaid, D.-E. Meddour, S.A. Mahmud, T. Ahmed, “Adaptive Distributed Gateway Discovery Scheme in Hybrid Wireless Networks”, In Proc. IEEE WCNC, Las Vegas, NV, Mar. 2008. 17. T. Murray, M. Cojocari, and H.Fu, “Measuring the performance of IEEE 802.11p using ns-2 Simulator for Vehicular Networks,” In Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Electro/Information Technology (EIT), Ames, IA, May 2008.

  45. REFERENCES © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL 18. L.E. Hodge, S.C. Ghosh, S. Hurley, R.M. Whitaker, S.M. Allen, “Coverage and Service Bounds for UMTS”, In Proc. International Conference on Mobile Technology, Applications, and Systems, Yilan, Taiwan, Sep. 2008. 19. B. Singh, “An improved handover algorithm based on signal strength plus distance for interoperability in mobile cellular networks”, In Springer Netherlands Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 879 - 887, Apr. 2007 20. “Overview of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems”, http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/overview.htm 21. K. Fall and K. Varadhan, “The ns Manual”. available at http://wwwi.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-documentation.html 22. L. Paquereau, “A Module-Based Wireless Node for Multi-channel Multi-interface support in NS2 – Notes and Documentation”, Center for Quantifiable Quality of Service in Communication Systems, Norwegian Institute of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway – Laurent Paquereau Edition, Mar. 2007

  46. REFERENCES © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL 23. N. Baldo, F. Maguolo, M. Miozzo, M. Rossi, and M. Zorzi, “ns2-MIRACLE: a modular framework for multi-technology and cross-layer support in network simulator 2”, In Proc. 2nd International Conference on Performance Evaluation Methodologies and tools, Value Tools, Nantes, France, Oct. 2007. 24. C.E. Perkins and E.M. Royer. "Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing." In Proc. 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, New Orleans, LA, USA, Feb. 1999. 25. A. Hamidian, “A Study of Internet Connectivity for Mobile Ad hoc Networks in NS2”, Masters Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, LTH at Lund University, Feb. 2003. 26. C. Sommer, and F. Dressler, “The DYMO Routing Protocol in VANET Scenarios”, in Proc.66th IEEE VTC, Baltimore, MD, Sep. 2007.

  47. INDUSTRIAL R&D PROJECTS ON INTER-VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION • Allocation of spectrum for Inter-vehicular Communication (IVC) and Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) by Federal Communications Commission • Inter-vehicular Communication Projects by Governments and Industries: • Toyota • BMW • Daimler-Chrysler • Projects on Intelligent Transportation Services in IVC • Advance Driver Assistance Systems • Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership • Chauffeur in EU • CarTALK 2000 • FleetNet • California Partners for Advanced Transmit and Highways (California PATH)

  48. INDUSTRIAL R&D PROJECTS ON BEYOND 3G NETWORKS • Major R&D funding for 3G and Beyond 3G Networks from EU-SPICE Project, Europe – Focus upon UMTS and Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) 3G technology • SPICE Project – European effort in Telecoms research called Wireless World Initiative (WWI) • Funding from EU’s Sixth Framework Programme for research • Major Partner Industries (24) in EUROPE: • France Telecom-Orange • Alcatel-Lucent • Nokia Siemens Networks • Ericsson R&D • Fraunhofer Institute • NEC Europe Network R&D Labs, Germany • Standardization by ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union) in association with 3GPP

  49. 3G IN INDIA • CDMA2000 1xEVDO technology – Multiplexing technique operation for: • Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) • Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) – Time Division Duplexing • Contrast to Wide-Band CDMA (WCDMA) – Frequency Division Duplexing • 3G and 3G-ready service operators in India: • BSNL • MNTL • Tata Indicom (Tata Telecommunications – tie up with NTT-DoCoMo for deploying 3G infrastructure) • Reliance • Tata’s role in 3G services – Tata Photon Plus : High-speed mobile broadband CDMA2000 1xEVDO USB device for high speed data packet access/transfer upto 3.1 Mbps (Reliance NetConnect Plus is a competitor) • TCS Innovation Labs – Convergence: R&D in UMTS, WiFi, IMS, WiMAX, NGN

  50. PUBLICATIONS AND HONOURS • PUBLICATION • A.Benslimane, T.Taleb, S.Rajarajan, « Dynamic Clustering-Based Adaptive Mobile Gateway Management in integrated VANET-3G Heterogeneous Wireless Networks », IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication (JSAC) – Special Issue on Vehicular Communication Networks, Submitted on 5th Jan 2010 • HONOURS FROM THE INTERNSHIP: • Requested by IEEE JSAC editorial committee to be a reviewer for the journal, in the area of Next-Generation Vehicular Communication Networks. Indication from IEEE JSAC that the committee believes our paper as an expertise research work in our domain, after skimming through the paper. A big honour at B.Tech level, at the age of 21, having mentioned my designation as a student (-Accepted the honour) • Secured a bi-monthly internship stipend of € 2400 Euros sanctioned by EGIDE Group of Institutions, Government of France. • Encouraged by one of the session chairs of IEEE GLOBECOM 2010 to submit the conference version of the research to have it published in IEEE GLOBECOM, Hawaii, Dec 2010. Prof. Benslimane has asked me to present the research work in GLOBECOM on behalf of our research team (-Awaiting till March for official confirmation of the invited publication) • Proposal by Dr. Tania Jimenez, Co-Author of the book – NS2 for Beginners, to co-author a few chapters on the latest MIRACLE, UMTS and WAVE patches and simulation scripts of NS2 due to my knowledge and experience on them (-Shelved the offer due to time constraints)

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