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WARM UP – March 13

WARM UP – March 13. Using the notes from Friday, compare and contrast the Inca and Aztec civilizations in regards to their culture, religion, and political structures. EUROPEAN COLONIES IN THE NEW WORLD 1450-1750. European Empires. European Motivations for Imperialism.

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WARM UP – March 13

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  1. WARM UP – March 13 • Using the notes from Friday, compare and contrast the Inca and Aztec civilizations in regards to their culture, religion, and political structures

  2. EUROPEAN COLONIES IN THE NEW WORLD1450-1750

  3. European Empires

  4. European Motivationsfor Imperialism • Aware of their low position in the world of Eurasian commerce and wanted to change this • European rulers driven by competition and rivalries with other countries • Merchants wanted direct access to Asian wealth; no Muslim intermediaries

  5. European Motivationsfor Imperialism • Poor European nobles and commoners thought they could gain wealth and status in the colonies • Christian missionaries wanted to spread their faith • Persecuted minorities wanted to start a new life with more freedoms

  6. European Advantages • Countries and trading companies efficiently mobilized human and material resources • Seafaring technology allowed them to cross the Atlantic easily

  7. European Advantages • Ironworking technology • Gunpowder weapons • Horses

  8. European Advantages • Germs and diseases! • Major ones = Smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, yellow fever • Native Americans had no immunity to these diseases

  9. “The Great Dying” • Result of European conquest = large-scale decimation of Native American populations and societies • In many cases, up to 90% of the population in a region would die • Central Mexico = population went from about 20 million people to 1 million people by 1650

  10. The Columbian Exchange • The Columbian Exchange = the enormous network, migration, trade, spread of disease, and transfer of plants of animals between Europe and the Americas

  11. Positive Impact on Europe • New information flooded into Europe • Led to the Scientific Revolution • Gained wealth from the colonies  precious metals, natural resources, new food crops, slave labor, financial profits, colonial markets • Led to the Industrial Revolution • Colonies provided an outlet for Europe’s growing population

  12. Mercantilism • Belief held by all European powers • Mercantilism = governments served their countries’ economic interests best by exporting more than they import and by accumulating bullion (gold and silver) • Roles of the colonies: 1) Supplied resources for European factories 2) Provided closed markets = they could only buy products from their “mother country”

  13. Types of Colonial Economies • Settler-dominated commercial agriculture • Slave-based plantations • Ranching • Mining

  14. In the Lands of theAztecs and Incas Aztecs = conquered by Hernancortes in 1519 Incas = conquered by francisco Pizarro in 1532 In modern-day Mexico In modern-day Peru

  15. Mexico and Peru • Economic foundations for these colonial societies: • Commercial agriculture on large rural estates • Silver and gold mining • Both = used native peoples as forced laborers

  16. Social Order of Spanish Colonies Peninsulares = Spaniards born in Spain Creoles = Spaniards born in the Americas Spanish Settlers Spanish immigration = 1 woman for every 7 men Started from unions between native women and Spanish men Mestizo Population = mixed-race population Native Peoples (Primary labor force; slaves)

  17. Mestizos • Largely Hispanic in culture • Many looked down upon by “pure” Spaniards • Worked as artisans, clerks, supervisors of workers, and lower-level officials in church and government organizations

  18. Colonies of Sugar • Uses for sugar in Europe: • A Medicine • A Spice • A Sweetener • A Preservative • In sculptured forms as a decoration  indicated high status and wealth

  19. Production of Sugar • Involved growing the sugarcane AND processing it into usable sugar • Very labor-intensive • Most profitable if done on a large-scale • Massive use of slave labor  imported Africans • Native population had been wiped out

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