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AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 9 CLASS NOTES

Explore the fascinating world of language diffusion and evolution, from ancient roots to modern spread. Discover how languages diverge and converge over time, shaping our diverse linguistic landscape. Uncover the theories behind language diffusion and the impact of historical events on language evolution.

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AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 9 CLASS NOTES

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  1. AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHYCHAPTER 9 CLASS NOTES THE DIFFUSION OF LANGUAGES

  2. Origins of Languages • Search goes back 1,000s of years • DEEP RECONSTRUCTION – ??? • working backwards to reconstruct extinct language

  3. Language Diffusion • KEYS TO DIFFUSION??? • Writing, technology, & political organization • Indo-European languages spread during colonial period

  4. Language Diversification • Charted through SOUND SHIFTS – how a word changes form language to language • MILK = lacte in Latin latta in Italian leche in Spanish lait in French

  5. THE LANGUAGE TREE • INDO EUROPEAN gives us: Latin, Greek, Sanskirt • ROMANCE – Spanish, Italian, French • SLAVONIC – Russian, Ukranian, Polish, Czech, Slovak • GERMANIC – English, German, Dutch, Norwegian

  6. Language DIVERGENCE • Split Apart – basic process of language formation • Differentiation over time & space • Languages > Dialects + Isolation & Time = New Discrete Languages • Spanish & Portuguese

  7. Language CONVERGENCE • When long isolated languages make contact • Human mobility complicates things for linguists (expansion diffusion) • Maltese and English into Malta

  8. Relocation Diffusion (CH 2) – population physically moves. • How / Why Change Language??? • Go far – language likely will change somehow (rhythm, cadence, accent)

  9. Language REPLACEMENT • Languages of smaller, traditional, tech. less advanced people modified / overtaken by larger, tech. advanced invaders. • Assimilation!! • War/Disease

  10. THEORIES OF LANGUAGE DIFFUSION • Spreading of Proto-Indo-European language • Competing archeological evidence puts source areas in different places

  11. 1. Conquest Theory • In Ukraine Region N. of Black Sea • Spread W. on horseback conquering tribes

  12. 2. Agriculture Theory • 7,000 – 9,000 years ago • Agriculture, not Conquest that diffused the Indo European family • Source in Anatolia (Turkey)

  13. Conquest / Agriculture Theory in Book, p. 128

  14. Colin Renfrew Model • 3 separate source agricultural areas gave rise to 3 separate language families • Anatolia-Indo European • W. Fertile Crescent-Afro-Asiatic Languages • E. Fertile Crescent- Uralo-Altaic

  15. Greenberg Hypothesis • 3 families of indigenous languages in Americas • Amerind, Eskimo–Aleut, Na-Dene

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