BOT3015L Overview of Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Protists

1. BOT3015LOverview of Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Protists Presentation created by Danielle Sherdan All photos from Raven et al.Biology of Plants except when otherwise noted

2. Endosymbiosis Plants (embryophytes) Angiosperms Gymnosperms, seedless, and non-vascular Tree of Life Animals Cyanobacteria gave rise to chloroplasts and autotrophic protists gave rise to plants Fungi All the rest of the eukaryotes, protists (Today, focus on autotrophic protists) www.tolweb.org

4. Chosen examples of protists Phyla Reason for choosing Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Dinophyta Bacillariophyta Oomycota Gave rise to plants Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens

5. Some ecological aspects of algae (photosynthetic protists) Plants are to land as __________ are to water algae Provide shelter, food, and substrate Base of the aquatic food chain Environment and adaptations Human and protist affairs (some presented within)

6. Chosen examples of protists Phyla Reason for choosing Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Dinophyta Bacillariophyta Oomycota Gave rise to plants Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens

7. ChlorophytaGreen algae • Share some characteristics with plants: • Chl a, as the reaction center pigment in PSII, a feature shared with cyanobacteria and all photosynthetic eukaryotes. Associated with oxygenic photosynthesis. • Chl b, part of light-harvesting complex that balances energy between the PSI and II and accommodates cyclic flow. • Store starch in plastids • Cellulose cell walls (usually for Chlorophyta) Plants (embryophytes) evolved from aquatic green algae Retention of female gametes in embryophytes is advantageous in terrestrial environments. In the coming weeks, we will be discussing more about the evolutionary trends in plants, which have become well adapted to terrestrial environments

8. Chlorophyta examples Unicellular type Chlamydomonas Above taken from Berkley site Museum of Paleontology ~1µm

9. Example of one type of asexual reproduction Chlorophyta examples Chlamydomonas From Outlaw lecture

10. Chlorophyta examples Example of one type of sexual reproduction in this phylum Zygotic meiosis Chlamydomonas From Outlaw lecture

11. Chlorophyta examples Colonial type (one path to multicellular that was an evolutionary dead end) Volvox Colonies ~1-2mm From Outlaw lecture

12. Chlorophyta examples Sexual reproduction Zygotic meiosis Spirogyra ~0.5mm Filamentous (one path towards multicellularity)

13. Chlorophyta examples Ulva Parenchymatous (path to multicellularity that led to plants) Sexual reproduction by alternation of generations

14. Chlorophyta examples Siphonous form Acetabularia Mermaid’s wine glass

15. Chlorophyta examples Desmids (Charophyceae) Xanthidium Euastrum Micrasterias

16. Apical growth Nodes and internodes Complex reproductive structures NOT embryophytes Chlorophyta examples Chara Gametangia Top: oogonium Bottom: antheridium ~0.25mm cm range

17. Chosen examples of protists Phyla Reason for choosing Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Dinophyta Bacillariophyta Oomycota Gave rise to plants Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens

18. Rhodophytaexamples Bonnemaisonia Batrachospermum

19. Rhodophytaexamples Coralline type Important in coral reef structure

20. Rhodophytaexamples “Nori” in Japanese diet Poryphyra

21. Rhodophytaexamples © 2000 D. F. Kapraun Algae farmers in the Phillipines tending a Kappaphycus line culture for carrageenan (gel used in many food products) extraction.

22. Chosen examples of protists Phyla Reason for choosing Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Dinophyta Bacillariophyta Oomycota Gave rise to plants Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens

23. Phaeophytaexamples Coast of New Zealand Durvillea

24. Phaeophytaexamples Sea palm on exposed intertidal rocks

25. Phaeophytaexamples Laminaria

26. More algae farming Phaeophyta Macrocystis Coast of California Kelp harvester, California

27. Phaeophytaexamples Note the air bladder adaptation Commonly rockweed Fucus

28. From Outlaw lecture example of meiotic gametogenesis

29. Chosen examples of protists Phyla Reason for choosing Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Dinophyta Bacillariophyta Oomycota Gave rise to plants Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens

30. Dinoflagellatesphytoplankton Gonyaulax ~0.5mm Ceratium ~1mm Cause red tide (toxic algal bloom) Fish killed by Pfiesteria, which will then feed on the decaying flesh

31. Chosen examples of protists Phyla Reason for choosing Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Dinophyta Bacillariophyta Oomycota Gave rise to plants Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens

32. DiatomsphytoplanktonPhylum Bacillariophyta Diatoms are a diverse group that account for an estimated 25% of the primary production on Earth ~0.3mm

33. Chosen examples of protists Phyla Reason for choosing Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Dinophyta Bacillariophyta Oomycota Gave rise to plants Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens

34. Phytophthora infestans on potato From Outlaw lectures

35. Phytophthora life cycle

36. Phytophthora infestans infection