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Mental Health

Mental Health. Identification and Diagnosis. Normal? Statistically? Functionally?. Normal? Statistically?. Abnormality – a working definition. Abnormality – pattern of thoughts feelings and behaviours that are deviant, distressing and dysfunctional.

henry-bernard
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Mental Health

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  1. Mental Health Identification and Diagnosis

  2. Normal? Statistically? Functionally?

  3. Normal? Statistically?

  4. Abnormality – a working definition • Abnormality – pattern of thoughts feelings and behaviours that are deviant, distressing and dysfunctional Serial killer Ted Bundy who brutally murdered between 30 and 35 women during the 1970’s fits our definition of abnormality

  5. Mental Health • Mental health = capacity to interact with others, cope effectively with problems and stress • Mental Health Problem = temporary and mild condition • Mental Health Illness = more severe and likely to persist for a long time

  6. Mental Illness/Dysfunction • Mental Illness can sometimes be referred to as a psychological dysfunction experienced by an individual and usually involving : • Emotional distress • Impairment in the ability to cope with everyday life • Thoughts, feelings and/or behaviour that are not typical of the person or appropriate within their society and/or culture

  7. Is it common? • YES! • Of 18 – 65 year olds almost 45% have experienced a mental illness within their lifetime! • 20% had experienced a mental illness within the last 12 months • 1 in 5 people at any given time • Almost half of us at least once in our life time

  8. Gender Differences • Males more at risk of substance abuse • Females more at risk of anxiety disorders

  9. Psychotic Vs non-psychotic • Most people do not suffer from psychotic illnesses • A person suffering from psychosis is experiencing a marked loss of contact with reality • Delusions • Halucinations • Non psychotic illnesses are far more common, E.g. Depression, anxiety, substance abuse

  10. Systems of Classification of Mental Disorders • Categorical approaches – • organises mental disorders into categories, each with specific symptoms and characteristics. • Diagnosis involves a comparison of patients symptoms to the listed symptoms within each category • Check your patients list against the lists in the DSM-IV to find a fit – then make diagnosis • You either have a mental illness or you dont1

  11. Systems of Classification of Mental Disorders • Dimensional approaches – classifies symptoms quantitatively • Diagnosis involves asking how much of a characteristic is normal, numerical values are assigned to each characteristic score • Measure all characteristics and the combination of scales that are statistically extreme might point to the type of illness being suffered

  12. Which is best? • Often both are used • Categorical approach used to classify the symptoms • Dimensional approach used to determine the severity of these symptoms

  13. DSM IV: Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition) • Since 1952 – revised many times • System for classifying disorders • Outlines and describes the symptoms • How common the disorder is • The degree of impairment • How it will develop or progress • DOES NOT suggest cause

  14. DSM – IV - TR • 365 disorders comprehensively described (one for every day of the year!) • Grouped into 16 categories • Inclusion criteria – symptoms that must be present for diagnosis • Exclusion criteria – symptoms that must not be present • Polythetic criteria – only some symptoms not all need to be present for diagnosis – eg. 3 of 8 • Provides info on the typical course of the disorder

  15. DSM IV: AXIS • CLINICAL DISORDERS • PERSONALITY DISORDERS & MENTAL RETARDATION • GENERAL MEDICAL CONDITION • PSYCHOSOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS • GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONING

  16. CLINICAL DISORDERS • Condition that emerges in infancy or childhood • Cognitive disorders – dementia, amnesia • Substance related • Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders • Mood disorders – depression, bi-polar • Anxiety Disorders • Somatoform disorders – psychological not physical • Eating Disorders • Sleep Disorders

  17. ANXIETY DISORDERS • Feelings of fear, apprehension, anxiety • PHOBIAS • OBSESSIVE COMPUSIVE DISORDER (OCD) • PANIC DISORDER • POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PSTD)

  18. PHOBIAS INTENSE, IRRATIONAL FEAR & AVOIDANCE OF A PARTICULAR OBJECT, ACTIVITY OR SITUATION

  19. OCD PREOCCUPIED WITH CERTAIN DISTRESSING THOUGHTS THUS COMPELLED TO PERFORM CERTAIN BEHAVIOURS OR RITUALS - OBSESSION = THOUGH - COMPULSION = ACT/RITUAL

  20. POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER PSTD OCCURS AFTER EXPERIENCING OR WITNESSING A TRAUMATIC EVENT REPEATEDLY RELIVING THE TRAUMAATIC EVENT AVOIDING STIMULI ASSOCIATED WITH THIS EVENT INSOMNIA, NIGHTMARES, LACK OF CONCENTRATION

  21. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS • FEELINGS OF DEPERSONALISATION (loss of own identity) • MULTIPLE PERSONALITIES • MEMORY LOSS

  22. PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS • HALLUCINATIONS • DELUSIONS • RETREAT FROM REALITY • INABILITY TO CONTROL THOUGHTS AND ACTIONS

  23. SCHIZOPHRENIA STRIKING CHANGES IN THINKING, BEHAVIOUR & EMOTION PSYCHOSIS REFERS TO A LOSS OF CONTACT WITH REALITY DELUSIONS HALLUCINATIONS • ALL AGES • BOTH SEXES • - GENETIC FACTORS • ENVIRONMENT • DRUG USE (exacerbates the experience of psychosis & increases the release of dopamine in the brain)

  24. Schizophrenia • DISORGANISED: • INCOHERANT AND DISORGANISED BEHAVIOUR • BIZARRE THINKING • INAPPROPRIATE EMOTIONS • CATATONIC: • UNRESPONSIVENESS • STUPOR, RIGIDITY • PURPOSELESS BEHAVIOUR

  25. Schizophrenia • PARANOID: • MOST COMMON • DELUSIONS: FALSE BELIEF • DEPRESSIVE: BELIEVE NEGATIVE THOUGHTS ABOUT SELF • SOMATIVE: BELIEVE BODY IS ‘ROTTING AWAY’ • DELUSIONS OF GRANDEUR: BELIEVE THEY ARE SOMEONE IMPORTANT • PERSECUTIONS: SOMEONE IS OUT TO GET THEM • HALLUCINATIONS: • IMAGINARY SENSATIONS EG. HEARING VOICES ETC

  26. PERSONALITY DISORDERS • DEEPLY INGRAINED • UNHEALTHY PERSONALITY PATTERNS • ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER • SOCIOPATH • PSYCHOPATH

  27. ANTISOCIAL PERSONLAITY DISORDER SOCIOPATHSPSYCHOPATHS LACK CONSCIENCE OR ABILITY TO FEEL REMORSE CANNOT EMPATHISE OR SYMPATHISE SELFISH, MANIPULATIVE, EMOTIONALLY SHALLOW/VOID FAILURE TO CONFORM

  28. OTHER CONDITIONS • SLEEP APNOEA • NARCOLEPSY • BIPOLAR • MAJOR DEPRESSION • S.A.D

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