Honors Chemistry

1. Honors Chemistry Chapter 1 The Enterprise of Chemistry

2. What is CHEMISTRY? • The study of the structure and properties of matter OR • The study of the composition of matter and the changes it undergoes • Matter – anything that has mass and occupies space

3. EVERYTHING IN LIFE IS RELATED TO CHEMISTRY! • Living and nonliving things are made of matter.

4. There is a close relationship between the structure and properties of matter. • Diamond is hard because of its structure.

5. CHEMISTS • Solve problems involving matter. • Develop new materials by putting chemicals together to get a substs. w/ particular properties.

6. CHEMISTS (in general) • Work w/ chemical engineer to produce the material. • Together they develop a production process. • Study diverse materials & use all sciences.

7. Chemical Engineers • Work with chemists to design, build, & operate chemical plants.

8. 5 Areas of Study in Chemistry • Organic Chemistry – the study of all chemicals containing carbon • most chemicals found in organisms contain carbon • Inorganic Chemistry – the study of chemicals that do not contain carbon • found mostly in nonliving things

9. 5 Areas of Study in Chemistry • Biochemistry – the study of processes that take place in organisms • ie – muscle contraction and digestion • Analytical Chemistry – the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter

10. 5 Areas of Study in Chemistry • Physical Chemistry – deals with the mechanisms, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change

11. Pure Chemistry • the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake • no immediate practical use is expected

12. Applied chemistry • research directed toward a practical goal or application • Pure research can lead directly to an application, but an application can exist before research is done to explain how it works • read p. 9

13. Value Judgement • Facts in nature, or science, are neither good nor bad. • It is how these facts are used than may be judged good or bad. • Value Judgement - Personal interpretation of facts in weighing the benefits of a scientific application vs. the risks.

14. Theory • An explanation of a phenomenon • Principles, facts, & theories are the foundations of chemistry.

15. What is a chemical? • EVERYTHING

16. MATTER • Anything that has the prop. of inertia. • Anything that has mass & occupies space.

17. INERTIA • A prop. of matter that is a resistance to any change in motion. • a change in direction, rate, or both

18. ENERGY • A prop. possessed by all matter which can be made to do work. • The capacity to do work.

19. Potential Energy - energy due to position - depends on the position of an object Due to gravitational or electrostatic attraction P.E. = mgh Kinetic Energy - energy possessed by an object bec. of its motion K.E. = 1/2 mv2 2 General Forms of Energy

20. Direct Contact Ex. - pool balls Electromagnetic waves -RADIANT ENERGY - energy tranferred by electromagnetic waves Ex. - sunlight Energy can be transferred betw. 2 objects in 2 ways

21. Energy can be transformed from one kind to another. • When matter undergoes change, energy is transferred.

22. Law of Conservation of Mass • - Matter is always conserved • - Matter is neither created or destroyed • - only changes form

23. Law of Conservation of Energy • - Energy is always conserved. • - Total amt. in universe is constant.

24. Both Laws believed true until... • EINSTEIN • matter energy • energy matter • E = mc2 • matter and energy are equivalent

25. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS-ENERGY • The sum of mass and energy is conserved. • Matter and energy can be changed from one form to another.

26. 1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide • Chemistry can be found in all aspects of life. The following are examples of a few: • READ THIS SECTION!

27. Materials • Chemists design materials to meet specific needs

28. Different ways of looking at the world • Macroscopic world – large enough to see with the unaided eye • Microscopic world – can only be seen under magnification

29. Energy • Chemists play an essential role in finding ways to conserve, produce, and store energy

30. Medicine and Biotechnology • Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients • Biotechnology applies science to the production of biological products or processes

31. Agriculture • Chemists help to develop more productive crops and safer, more effective ways to protect crops

32. The Environment • Chemists help to identify pollutants and prevent pollution • Pollutant – material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms

33. The Universe • To study the universe, chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to Earth

34. CONSUMER PRODUCTS • Products of chem. industry for sale in stores • ex. aspirin, gasoloine, detergent, etc.

35. INTERMEDIATES • Come from raw materials and are made into other intermediates or consumer products • ex. sulfuric acid, unrefined sugar • Sulfuric acid is a major industrial chemical and is used as an intermediate in hundreds of other industries.

36. RAW MATERIALS • Materials found in nature. • ex. oil, wood, salt • Raw materials are made into intermediates and then consumer products.

37. Problem-solving processes used in science: • OBSERVATION - made w/ the senses • HYPOTHESIS - proposed explanation based on observations • EXPERIMENT- tests hypothesis • MODELS - used to help explain abstract ideas or objects.