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What’s FRBR?

What’s FRBR?. Eric Childress OCLC Research. COASIS&T Program 2005-07-21 OCLC. Outline. Overview & history FRBR 101 – First lessons FRBR 102 – More FRBR Since the FRBR Study Group… FRBR inspiration. Overview & history of FRBR.

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What’s FRBR?

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  1. What’s FRBR? Eric Childress OCLC Research COASIS&T Program 2005-07-21 OCLC

  2. Outline • Overview & history • FRBR 101 – First lessons • FRBR 102 – More FRBR • Since the FRBR Study Group… • FRBR inspiration

  3. Overview & history of FRBR

  4. “The FRBR model is revolutionary. The (computer) catalogue is not seen as a sequence of bibliographic records and a replica of the traditional card catalogue, but rather as a network of connected data, enabling the user to perform seamlessly all the necessary functions.” -Dr. Maja Žumer. National and University Library, Ljubljana, Slovenia

  5. Quickly… • FRBR = Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records • Developed by cataloging experts working under the auspices of IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions) • FRBRis from a document issued by IFLA: • Functional requirements for bibliographic records : final report (1998) • FRBR is a conceptual model (not a standard!) • FRBR systematically models the bibliographic universe

  6. Impetus: a changing environment • Automated systems for creation & processing of bibliographic data • Growth of large-scale databases (national & international) • Shared cataloging programs • Economic pressure to reduce cataloging costs • Adapting practice to accommodate new formats & a networked environment • Changing user expectations and needs

  7. On the shoulders of giants… • The heritage of cataloging theory and practice: • Sir Anthony Panizzi's Rules (1841) • Charles Ammi Cutter’s Principles (1874) • S.R. Ranganathan's Five Laws (1931) • The Paris Principles (1961) • Seymour Lubetzky’s Principles (1969) • The International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions (1969-) • Stockholm Seminar on Bibliographic Records (1990) • Issued a resolution calling for the commissioning of a study to define the functional requirements of bibliographic records

  8. The FRBR Project • IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records • Study (1992-1995): • Against the changing environment within which cataloging principles & standards operate… • Conceptualize a cataloging code- and implementation-agnostic, generalized view of the bibliographic universe • Deliver (1996-1998): • A reference (i.e. conceptual) model • A report: Functional requirements for bibliographic records : final report Münich : K.G. Saur, 1998. [viii, 136 pages. ISBN 3-598-11382-X]

  9. Value of FRBR • FRBR study process and report: • Fresh look at what functions bibliographic records perform • FRBR systematically models the bibliographic universe • Helps us answer important questions: • What information is of the most value to users of the catalog? • How can that most valuable information be used more effectively? • Promises to inspire next generation catalogs, etc. • Illuminates user tasks • Clarifies how catalogs should function

  10. FRBR 101 – First lessons

  11. About the FRBR study… Primary objectives of the FRBR study: • Provide a clearly defined, structured framework for relating bibliographic data to user needs • Recommend a basic level of functionality for records created by national bibliographic agencies Modeling the bibliographic universe: • Utilizes an entity-relationship framework: • Entities (a class of things) • Relationships (associations among entities) • Attributes (characteristics of the entities)

  12. What FRBR says catalog users do: Four User Tasks: • Findentities that match the search criteria • Identify entities (confirm that the user has found what they were looking for) • Selectan entity that matches the user’s criteria • Obtainaccess to the entity through purchase, loan, or through electronic remote access And, maybe a fifth: • Navigate

  13. FRBR defines 3 groups of entities • Group 1: products of intellectual or artistic endeavor that are named of described in bibliographic records • work, expression, manifestation, item • Group 2: entities responsible for the intellectual or artistic content, the physical production and dissemination, or the custodianship of such products • person, corporate body • Group 3: entities that serve as the subjects of intellectual or artistic endeavor • concept, object, event, place

  14. Group 1 - Bibliographic Entities • Work • A distinct intellectual or artistic creation • Expression • The intellectual or artistic realization of a work • Manifestation • The physical embodiment of an expression of a work • Item • A single example of a manifestation

  15. recursive one many Group 1 Work is realized through Expression Intellectual/Artistic is embodied in Physical Manifestation is exemplified by Item

  16. Group 1 FRBR Entity Levels From: Tillett, Barbara "AACR2's Strategic Plan and IFLA Work towards an International Cataloguing Code“ (2002)

  17. Group 1

  18. Group 1 FRBR Entity Levels revisited From: Tillett, Barbara "AACR2's Strategic Plan and IFLA Work towards an International Cataloguing Code“ (2002)

  19. Group 1

  20. Attributes • A set of characteristics that serve as the basis for formulating queries and interpreting responses • Can be either inherent or externally applied • E.g., inherent: the physical medium and dimension of an object • E.g., externally sourced: assigned identifiers (e. g., thematic catalog numbers for musical compositions)

  21. Attributes of Group 1 Entities • Work • Work title, form or genre, date, performance medium, intended audience • Expression • Expression title, form of the expression, language of the expression, type of score, scale of a map • Manifestation • Manifestation title, publisher, date of publication, form of carrier, dimensions, manifestation identifier (e.g. ISBN), terms of availability • Item • Location or call number, barcode, provenance, condition, access restrictions on an item

  22. FRBR 102 – More FRBR

  23. Group 2 – Responsible Entities Entities responsible for the intellectual or artistic content, the physical production and dissemination, or the custodianship of such products Group 2 entities: • Person • Corporate Body And perhaps a third … • Family

  24. Attributes of Group 2 Entities • Attributes of Group 2 entities: • Person • Names, dates, titles or other designations • Corporate body • Name, number, place, date, other designation

  25. Group 3 - Subject Entities Entities that serve as the subjects of intellectual or artistic endeavor Group 3 entities: • Concept: topical subject heading • Object: name for an object • Event: name for an event • Place: name for a place • Plus the Group 1 and 2 Entities: • Works about Works/Expressions/Manifestations/Items • Works about Persons and/or Corporate Entities

  26. Attributes of Group 3 Entities • Attributes of Group 3 entities: • Concept • term • Object • term • Event • term • Place • term

  27. Relationships • Link entities to one another • Entities of different groups (person and work) • Entities of the same group (work and expression) • Collocation and navigation

  28. Work  Person Expression  Person Manifestation  Corporate body Item  Corporate body Concept  Work Created by Translated by Produced by Owned by Is subject of Relationships (between different FRBR groups)

  29. Work to work Successor Supplement Complement Summarization Adaptation Transformation Imitation Work to work Whole/part Relationships (within a group)

  30. Making Relationships • Uniform titles • In cataloging, historically: • Not consistently applied over time • Not consistently applied to all materials • Role and function identifiers • In cataloging, historically: • Not consistently applied • Buried in “natural language”

  31. Work/ Expression Uniform Title Manifestation Scenario A (Now) Concept Authority Person Series (work/expression) Uniform Title Bibliographic Item Holding

  32. Scenario B (Future) Concept Person Authority Work/ Expression Uniform Title Series (work/expression) Uniform Title Manifestation Bibliographic Item Holding

  33. Since the FRBR Study Group…

  34. Paris Principles reborn • Statement of International Cataloguing PrinciplesApproved by the IFLA Meeting of Experts on an International Cataloguging Code (Frankfurt, 2003) • Adapts and expands the Paris Principles (1961) • Expands scope from: • Textual works to all types of materials • Choice and form of entry to all aspects of bibliographic & authority records • First principle remains: Serve the convenience of the users of the catalogue

  35. Working the FRBR/FRANAR framework… All work now under the FRBR Review Group: • Group 1 entities [bibliographic]: • The IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, 1992-1998 • Various follow-on work underway (Clarifying “expression” ; Clarifying FRBR for continuing resources, more…) • Group 2 entities [authorities]: • Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records (FRANAR) Working Group • Group 3 entities [subject access]: • Working Group on Subject Relationships

  36. FRBR inspiration

  37. Applying FRBR in services • Incorporating the concepts of the FRBR model in systems: • Superior presentation of search results • Esp. in large files – more intuitive clustering • May help streamline library cataloging • Reduces repeated keying of work-related info • Bibliographic & management intelligence • New insights into works (e.g., OCLC’s 1000 list) • Libraries can operate at workset level (e.g., ILL)

  38. Show & tell • OCLC Research: • Top 1000 titles http://www.oclc.org/research/top1000 • xISBN http://www.oclc.org/research/researchworks/xisbn/ • Fiction Finder http://fictionfinder.oclc.org/ • Curiouser http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/curiouser • OCLC production services • Open WorldCat http://www.oclc.org/worldcat/open • FRBR-inspired FirstSearch WorldCat (coming soon)

  39. Note cards from FRBR-land…

  40. IFLA-related resources • IFLA FRBR Review Group http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/wgfrbr.htm • Functional requirements for bibliographic records : final report / IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records ; Approved by the Standing Committee of the IFLA Section on Cataloguing. Münich : K.G. Saur, 1998. viii, 136 pages. ISBN 3-598-11382-X also online:http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm • FRBR Bibliography: http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/bibliography.htm • FRBR in 21st century catalogues (Workshop held at OCLC) http://www.oclc.org/research/events/frbr-workshop • Statement of International Cataloguing Principles http://www.ddb.de/news/pdf/statement_draft.pdf

  41. Selected additional resources • Boston, Tony, Bemal Rajapatirana and Roxanne Missingham “Libraries Australia: Simplifying the Search Experience” (2005) http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/2005/boston1.html • Denton, William. “FRBR and Fundamental Cataloguing Rules.” (2003) http://www.miskatonic.org/library/frbr.html • Tillett, Barbara, What is FRBR?: A Conceptual Model for the Bibliographic Universe (2004) http://www.loc.gov/cds/FRBR.html • OCLC FRBR Projects page http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/frbr

  42. Selected tools, projects, services, blogs • FRBR Blog http://www.frbr.org/ • LC FRBR Display Tool • http://www.loc.gov/marc/marc-functional-analysis/tool.html • OCLC Research: • Top 1000 titles http://www.oclc.org/research/top1000 • xISBN http://www.oclc.org/research/researchworks/xisbn/ • Fiction Finder http://fictionfinder.oclc.org/ • Curiouser http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/curiouser • VisualCat (Denmark) • http://www.portia.dk/pubs/VisualCat/Present/VisualCatOverview20050607.pdf • VTLS • http://www.vtls.com/Corporate/FRBR.shtml

  43. Questions?

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