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Earth, Moon, and Sun

Earth, Moon, and Sun. S8.D.3.1.1-3. Earth’s 2 Motions. Great Site. 2. Revolution (orbit) – go around the Sun. Rotation – Spin (rotate) on its axis. Rotation. The turning of a planet on its axis. 23.5 0. Axis. Axis:

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Earth, Moon, and Sun

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  1. Earth, Moon, and Sun S8.D.3.1.1-3

  2. Earth’s 2 Motions Great Site 2. Revolution (orbit) – go around the Sun • Rotation • – Spin (rotate) on its axis

  3. Rotation The turning of a planet on its axis 23.5 0 Axis • Axis: • Imaginary line that runs from the North Pole, through the center of Earth, to the South Pole. • Earth’s axis is tilted at 23.5 0 • We have days and nights because of Earth rotating in and out of sunlight Table of Planets day

  4. Rotation The direction of Earth’s rotation is counterclockwise (when looking from above the North Pole) Because Earth rotates counterclockwise, it appears the Sun rises in the East and sets in the West

  5. Rotation It takes Earth 24 hrs to complete one rotation One complete rotation of any planet is called a Day At the Equator, Earth rotates 1,000 mph The faster a planet rotates, the shorter the day is on that planet Cool Fact:Earth is slowing down at a rate of 0.0018 seconds per century

  6. Revolution Movement of a planetaround the Sun Counterclockwise (from above NP) One complete revolution of any planet around the Sun is called ayear Earth rotates 365 ¼ times during one revolution around the Sun (There are 365 ¼ days in a year) We make up for that extra ¼ day by adding a day to our calendar (Feb 29th) every 4 years Leap Year

  7. Revolution • The closer a planet is to the Sun, the shorter its year is , because: • It has to travel a shorter distance • Its speed is greater due to the Sun’s gravity **Earth Revolves at an average of 67,000 mph

  8. Revolution • Orbit- The path a planet follows around the Sun - Shape is elliptical (Oval) with the Sun off-center (not in the middle!) 95 million miles 91 million miles Average= 93 million miles Perihelion

  9. 2 Forces that Keep Earth in Orbit: • Inertia • Body in motion will remain in motion • Body at rest will remain at rest **Inertia is why the planets keep moving ( in a straight line) Unless acted upon by an outside force • Gravity • The Sun’s gravity pull planets toward the Sun and keeps them in their orbital path

  10. ~12 hrs Equator ~15hrs Tropic of Cancer ~9hrs Tropic of Capricorn Equator ~12 hrs

  11. 24 hrs darkness 24 hrs daylight 24 hrs daylight 24 hrs darkness Why is there More Hrs of Daylight in Summer?

  12. Seasons • The seasons in one hemisphere are opposite of the seasons in the other Hemisphere **Seasons in the Southern Hemisphere are more extreme than in the Northern Hemisphere

  13. Tropic of Capricorn (23.50 below Equator) Tropic of Cancer (23.50 above Equator) Northern Hemisphere Equator Southern Hemisphere Bill Nye- seasons

  14. Seasons Animations: • http://projects.astro.illinois.edu/data/Seasons/seasons.html • http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimations/animations/01_EarthSun_E2.html • http://astro.unl.edu/naap/motion1/animations/seasons_ecliptic.html Video clip Bill Nye Seasons Video clip #2

  15. The Moon • Revolves around Earth • ¼ Earth’s diameter (2,159 miles) • 1/6 of Earth’s gravity • Frozen water ice at the poles (in deep shadowed craters) • Mainly rock and dust (brought back 840lbs of rock to Earth

  16. The Moon • NO atmosphere  therefore NO weather • Temp range is large since it lacks an atmosphere • 250F = high during the day • -250F = low at night • Lots of craters from impacts because it lacks an atmosphere • Old and unchanged because it lacks an atmosphere

  17. Our Moon Has 2 Motions: • Rotation • counterclockwise • 10.7 mph on its axis (6.70) • Takes 28 days to rotate once • Lunar Day = 28 Earth days • Revolution • counterclockwise • Around Earth at 2,300 mph • Orbit is Tilted (5º) • Orbit is elliptical (Perigee and apogee) • Average distance to the moon is 238,000 miles • Lunar Year = 28 Earth days A Day is as long as a Year on the Moon!

  18. Why Don’t We See the Far Side? The Moon rotates 1 time around its axis as it makes 1 revolution around Earth. It finishes a rotation at the same time it finishes a revolution Period of Rotation = Period of Revolution 28 Earth Days Dark Side FACT: The Moon does not rotate and revolve at the same speed!

  19. Phases of the Moon The Moon reflects sunlight It does NOT produce its own light We see different phases (shapes) depending on where the moon is in its orbit It takes the Moon about 28 Earth days to complete one revolution around Earth and go through all of its phases

  20. New Moon During a New Moon we can’t see the moon from Earth The side hit by sunlight is facing AWAY from Earth Occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and Sun Moon is above or below Earth’s plane 20

  21. Full Moon After a New Moon, the Moon continues to revolve in a counterclockwise direction allowing us to see more and more of the side facing us. (Waxing Phases) When it gets halfway around Earth, we see ALL of the side facing us

  22. Full Moon (cont.) Earth is between the Moon and Sun Moon is above or below Earth’s plane • As the Moon continues to revolve from a full moon position, we see less and less of the side facing us (Waning Phases), until we have another New Moon

  23. Animation Animation

  24. Eclipses Lunar Eclipse Moon is being eclipsed (blocked from our sight) Solar Eclipse Sun is being eclipsed by the moon (blocked from our sight) Moon is 400 x smaller than the Sun Moon can perfectly block out sun because the moon is 400x closer to us than the sun is FACTS: • Earth is 4x bigger than Moon • Sun is 100x bigger than Earth

  25. Lunar Eclipse Earth is directly between the Sun and a Full Moon(all 3 bodies are in line) Moon is in the shadow of Earth (no sunlight hitting it) Only happens 2-4 times a year (not all total) Zone of partial shadow Zone of complete shadow Whole back side of Earth can see Lunar Eclipse

  26. Solar Eclipse When a New Moon is directly between the Earth and Sun (all 3 bodies are in line) Sunlight is blocked (by the moon) from reaching a small area of Earth, so only people living in that area see the solar eclipse At least 2 a year (not all total) People in penumbra see partial solar People in umbra see total solar

  27. Tides • Rising and falling water levels of our oceans • Moon’s and Sun’s gravity makes water bulge out on Earth • The Moon’s gravity has a greater effect because it’s closer than the Sun • The area aligned with the moon  High Tide • The area not aligned with the moon  Low Tide Spring tides Neap tides Bill Nye- Moon

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