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Douglas-fir breeding in France

Douglas-fir breeding in France. TREEBREEDEX workshop Hann. Münden march 26/27. 2009. J.C. BASTIEN. D. MICHAUD. Douglas-fir, a successful introduction . Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Described in 1772 by Archibald Menzies. Introduced in Europe by David Douglas in 1827.

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Douglas-fir breeding in France

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  1. Douglas-fir breeding in France TREEBREEDEX workshop Hann. Münden march 26/27. 2009 J.C. BASTIEN D. MICHAUD

  2. Douglas-fir, a successful introduction Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco • Described in 1772 by Archibald Menzies • Introduced in Europe by David Douglas in 1827 • Introduced en France in 1848 • Covers today more than 400 000 in France • Presently increasing surface Source France Douglas

  3. Douglas-fir, a successful introduction Douglas-fir in France : a young massif 400 000 ha Standing volume : 88 millions m3 Annualvolume increment : 6,6 million m3 (17 m3/ha/y) Age classes Source France Douglas

  4. Douglas-fir, a successful introduction An increasing harvest since 1990 Volume (m3) Source France Douglas

  5. Douglas-fir, a successful introduction • Expected annual DF wood volume production in 2030 in France : • Round wood volume close to 6 millions m3 • Sawn volume will be close to 3 millions m3 Expected Douglas-fir sawn volume (m3) Expected Douglas-fir round wood volume (m3) 1990 2026 - 2029 1996 2002 2008 2014 2020 Source France Douglas

  6. Douglas-fir, a successful introduction Other attractive characteristics • No major pest • Rather drought tolerant Modulus of elasticity (MPA) • High wood stiffness • Natural regeneration Mean ring width (mm)

  7. Breeding objectives • Lowlands reforestation (up to 1000 m) • Target traits : • Adaptive traits : • Lateness of bud flushing • GxE stability • Growth : rotation 35-50 years • Architecture : • Reduced forking rate • Reduced branch number & size • Wood properties : maintained (density)

  8. Evolution of Douglas-fir breeding programs in France • Phase 1 (1985) : evaluation of the natural variability- Provenance tests Selection of seed sources : French artificial seed stands US natural identified seed sources (seed zones) • - Conservation of valuable gene pools - Plantation of seed orchards • Phase 2 (1985) : building up a breeding population for long term breeding • - EU cooperative DF breeding program (Be, Es, Fr, Ge, It, UK): • Evaluation network of about 1000 open pollinated progenies sampled in the best identified seed sources.- Seed orchards evaluation

  9. Natural variability • INRA provenances tests planted 1954 through 1992 • 1954 – 1969 commercial origins BC, Wa, Or. : 6 tests • 1970 – 1977 IUFRO (range wide) : 23 tests • 1981 Intensive INRA / NFV Wash. collection : 3 sites • 1989 – 1992 USFS Ca. provenance collection : 4 sites • TOTAL for INRA: 36 test sites on 115 ha • TOTAL for FCBA : 18 test sites on 27 ha

  10. 60° 50° 45° 40° 35° 30° 25° Natural variability Growth Lateness of bud flushing IUFRO douglas-fir provenances in Peyrat le Château

  11. European IUFRO test sites (Breidenstein et al, 1990) 15 countries – 108 tests sites Natural variability

  12. Natural variability Height grade depending on latitude of provenance site Breidenstein et al. 1990 Latitude N 55° 51° 47° 39° 43° 1 1 Washington Oregon Californie British Columbia 2 Height Grade 3 4 X = Coastal prov. (Each provenance is tested on more than 15 sites)  = Intermediate prov.  = Interior prov.

  13. 350 300 Mazerollas douglas-fir IUFRO provenance test Provenance’s total height at age 8 vs origin’s elevation (source FCBA) 250 TH (cm) 200 150 1000 200 400 600 800 1200 1400 1600 Altitude (m) Natural variability Santiam Or. altitude Humptulips Wa. coast • Clinal variation : growth vs elevation

  14. Strong instability of Californian populations Stability across space (3 sites) and time of 108 IUFRO provenances Across years Orléans² Peyrat Vic en B. Across space

  15. 60° 50° 45° 40° 35° 30° 25° Strong sensitivity of southern interior DF to Swiss Needlecast

  16. Gene pool differentiation of 8 IUFRO populations and differentiation of these provenances established in 6 European test sites at age 23-25 years (Isoenzymes LAP, GOT-B,GOT-A, SKDH, GDH and PGM-B) (EUDIREC Project – 1999) IUFRO Provenances • Test Sites Precip. (mm) Temp. °C • (1) (2) (1) (2) • (Sco) Craigvenean 1000 430 8.4 12.2 • (Eng) Dean 1000 430 9.9 13.6 • (Ger) Bederkesa 750 400 8.0 13.0 • (Fra) Mazerollas 1200 630 10.1 14.6 • (Esp) Siera del Eje 1380 310 8.5 11.9 • (Ita) Faltona 780 470 13.0 15.0 • = annual (2) = Vegetation period • 40 to 50 trees sampled per prov. & per test site

  17. EU common Douglas-fir base populations Evaluation network in EU (1997) Sampling areas in the natural range 55° N 50° N 45° N 40° N Wa. : 637 progenies Or. : 358 progenies Plantation dates : 1989 - 1997 Total surface : 265 ha Nb of sites : 58

  18. 50° N 50° N 5 Arlington Arlington Darrington Darrington 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 WA. WA. 4 45° N 45° N 3.8 Ecouves (400 m) Darney (330 m) IUFRO Valmate (400 m) Ronno (730 m) Total height (m) Arfons (690 m) ARRD IUFRO IUFRO NOMT1 NOMT2 RNMT SKPR USFS ARLINGTON DARINGTON Example of genetic variation within population Darrington/Arlington 192 progenies 5 sites – age 9

  19. rg h2i 1 1 0..8 Ecouves Darney 0.6 0.8 Ronno Arfons 0.4 Valmate 0.6 0.2 0 0.4 -0.2 -0.4 0.2 -0.6 -0.8 0 -1 Flush. Fork. Flush. Angle Sinuos. Fork. Branch. Br. score Br. angle Forking Flushing Tot. height Sinuosity Height Favorable Unfavorable Example of genetic parameters (Darrington/Arlington 192 progenies – 5 sites – age 9)

  20. 0.60 Experimental Sites Rank Correlation between family means Ecouves (400 m) Darney (330 m) Orléans (150 m) Valmate (400 m) Ronno (730 m) Peyrat (650 m) Height Growth + - Efficiency of farm field test for early prediction (example height growth – Darrington – 40 HS families ) Rialsesse (650 m) Observation period 2 Farm field tests : 2-6 years 5 Forest sites: 11 years CHI : cumulate height increment CPSL : cumulate primary shoot length

  21. Efficiency of farm field test for early prediction (example forking– Darrington – 40 HS families ) Predictors = % polyc. trees + % SSL/ASL + Nb. yrs with defects correlation between family means Height Growth +

  22. French douglas-fir seed stands and conservation network (Cemagref) • Seed stands (stat. oct. 2008) A significant proportion of these stands is getting older, with erratic fructification • Ex situ conservation network of D.F. authentified provenances : • 38 populations • 426 ha

  23. Clonal Seed Orchards Nb clones Surface (ha) Plantation date Category Potential production Darrington-VG 70 13,7 1978 & 1990 Tested 100 kg Luzette-VG 350 35,5 1981 Tested 350 kg Washington 1-VG 370 7,6 1984 & 1987 Qualified 100 kg Washington 2-VG 137 8,5 1983 Qualified 100 kg Californie-VG 108 5,5 1986 – 1992 Qualified 100 kg France 1,2,3-VG 443 21,5 1989 – 1991 Qualified 200 kg Total 1478 92,3 950 kg Origins of the clones present in the French S.O. 50° N 45° N 40° N

  24. Efficiency of stimulation treatments on cone production, seedyield and seedgeneticquality in Douglas-firseedorchards(source Cemagref) 75 Control Girdling +GA 47 641 Fi = (nb femaleflowers or cones of parent i) . 100 total production Mi = (nb male strobili of parent i) . 100 total production 190 Pi = (Fi + Mi) / 2 Pi = proportionalgamete contribution 6 1 Seed yield (kg/hl) Seed production (kg/ha) Cone production (hl/ha) 1 2 3

  25. 27,0 Luzette 26,5 26,0 French Seed Zonee 04 Mean annula shoot elongation (cm) 25,5 25,0 Darrington 24,5 24,0 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 Flushing (score 0 to 5) * Thick branches 2.4 * * * FrenchSZ 04 2.2 * * * * * * * Branch thickness (score) * 2.0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1.8 * * * * Washington 403 * * * * * 1.6 * Low density and branch thickness High branch number Early flushing Late flushing 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 Branch number (score) Seed orchard evaluation (e.g. Darrington & Luzette –age 6) (Source Cemagref – ONF) Growth and flushing Branching architecture Luzette-VG Washington 403 Darrington-VG

  26. Main goals of the french DF breeding program • Evaluate the performance and adaptability of existing varieties • Multilocal evaluation of existing varieties • Natural vs artificial regeneration • Evaluate the place of DF in the context of climate change • Evolution of the bioclimatic zones • Predictor of the DF response to extreme climatic events • Prepare the DF forest reproductive materials for tomorrow • New varieties with more southern base material • Define the structure and the management of the breeding population • New selection objectives; interest ? feasibility ? (eg wood properties)

  27. Evaluation network of DF french seed orchards New plantations – spring 2009 INRA, Cemagref,ONF, IDF Traditional plantation area High elevation Sub-optimal area low elevation Outside introduction area (dry site) Demonstration plots

  28. Genetic quality of a DF natural regeneration (O. Boussaid – 2008) Material : 158 parents, 457 offsprings 5 chloro & 5 nuclear microsatellites • Main results : • Parents and offsprings genetic diversity are quite similar • Significant pollen flow from outside the study plot • Strong genetic structuration among offsprings (70 m) • Complementary contribution of the various age classes to the offsprings genetic diversity La Vergne seed stand • Conclusion : • Natural regeneration management should overpass the limits of the plot • Sylviculture will not erase the offspring’s genetic structure • A natural regeneration should take benefit of several fructification years

  29. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Wood density : a predictor of DF adaptability to extreme climatic events (A. Martinez – 2009) Latewooddensity (g/cm3) Absolute value log (p) Absolute value log (p) Late wood percentage (%) IUFRO provenance test Orleans NF (age 32) 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 65 deadtrees 65 living trees Othertrees 0 50 100 m.

  30. Prepare tomorrow’s forest reproductive materials (options ) 1000 US 85 progenies in multilocal tests Seed Orchards : 1486 clones S.O. of tested families 600 clones in FCBA & INRA clonal banks 500 clones progeny tested Seed collection within clonal banks S.O. of elite clones Clonal test of the 600 clones Sélection on GCA Genetic thinning GENTIC GAIN Clonal S.O. Clonal S.O. 400 clones 200 clones Breeding population Within lines recombination

  31. European perspectives for a joined DF breeding activity • Evaluation of existing trial networks • Manning commercial seed lots • IUFRO range wide provenance collection • INRA-NFV (Birot-Racz) Wa. provenances • US 85 Wa. & Or. Progenies (EUDIREC) • Weyerhaeuser & EU seed orchards (EUDIREC) • Draw reaction norms for DF in Europe • Define seed transfer rules • Share expertise • Organize breeding • Organize evaluation of varieties + + +

  32. Thank you

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