PEDU 7206 Foundations of EAP

1. PEDU 7206Foundations of EAP Topic 5 The Systemic Foundations of EAP: The State and Market

2. The Context of EAP: Putting EAP in Context • Recapitulation: Putting EAP In Perspectives • To lead knowledgably • To lead rationally • To lead reasonably • To lead coercively • To lead legitimately

3. The Context of EAP: Putting EAP in Context • To lead with perspectives is only half of the enterprise of EAP. Leadership is not operating in socio-historical vacuum. It must take the socio-historical contexts, in which it is embedded into consideration.

4. The Context of EAP: Putting EAP in Context • Habermas’ conception of the four-division structure • The system and lifeworld dichotomy • The media-steered subsystem • Money-steered economic system • Power-steered administrative system • The institutional orders of the lifeworld • Private sphere • Public sphere

6. (Habermas, 1987, P. 320)

7. (Janoski, 1998)

8. The Structure of the Context of EAP: Putting EAP in Context • Putting educational administration and policy in context • Locating education system within the system-lifeworld dichotomy • Is education an enterprise and policy of the system or the lifeworld? • Does education belong to the money- or power-steered systems? • Does education belong to the public or private spheres?

9. Education as apprenticeship between fathers and sons Uncoupling Profit-making private schools and university Education as private tutoring within families Establishment of Public Schools, Monastery , then University State controlled compulsory schooling and sponsored universities Colonizing (Habermas, 1987, P. 320)

10. The Institutionalization of Medium-Steered System • Habermas’ theory of the uncoupling of system and lifeworld • “The lifewold concept of society finds its strongest empirical foothold in archaic societies, where structures of linguistically mediated, normatively guided interaction immediately constitute the supporting social structure.” (Habermas, 1987, p. 156) In this simple society, social coordination and integration are attained by linguistically mediated communicative actions and values and norms, which constituted by communicative rationality.

11. The Institutionalization of Medium-Steered System • Habermas’ theory of the uncoupling of system and lifeworld • As human societies evolved from simple tribal societies to traditional societies, state mechanism first differentiated from linguistically medicated lifeworld and institutionalized into power-steered system. Furthermore, in modern society, economic system also differentiated from lifeworld and institutionalized into money-steered system. (Habermas, 1987, p. 153-4)

12. The Institutionalization of Medium-Steered System • Habermas’ theory of the uncoupling of system and lifeworld • As system uncoupled from lifeworld, “the irresistible irony of the world-historical process of enlightenment becomes evident: the rationalization of the lifeworld makes possible a heightening of systemic complexity, which becomes so hypertrophied that it unleashed system imperatives that burst the capacity of the lifeworld they instrumentalized.” (Habermas, 1987, p. 155)

13. The Institutionalization of Medium-Steered System • Two medium-steered systems in modern society • The state: The power-steered administrative system • The market: The money-steered economic system

14. EDM 9206Foundations of EAP The Systemic Foundations of EAP: The State and Market (I) The State and Power-Steered Administrative System

15. The Nature of the State and the Power-Steered Administrative System • Max Weber’s Conception of the State “Today, however, we have to say that a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory. Note that ‘territory’ is one of the characteristics of the state. Specifically, at the present time, the right to use physical force is ascribed to other institutions or individuals only to the extent to which the state permits it. The state is consider the sole source of the ‘right’ to use violence.” (Weber, 1946, p. 78)

16. The Nature of the State and the Power-Steered Administrative System • Marxist’s conception of the state • “The executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.” (Marx & Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 1848) • “The state is an organ of class rule, an organ for the oppression of one class by another; it is the creation of ‘order’ which legalizes and perpetuates this oppression by moderating the conflict between the classes.” (Lenin, 1917) • Althusser’s Instrumentalist perspective • Repressive state apparatus • Ideological state apparatus

17. The Nature of the State and the Power-Steered Administrative System • Charles Tilly’s Conception of the State An organization which control the population occupying a definite territory is a state insofar as (1) it is differentiated from other organizations operating in the same territory; (2) it is autonomous; (3) it is centralized; and (4) its division are formally coordinated with one another. (Tilly, 1975, p. 70)

18. The Nature of the State and the Power-Steered Administrative System • Charles Tilly’s conception of “Stateness” The level and degree of stateness can be “measured by formal autonomy, differentiation from nongovernmental organizations, centralization, and internal coordination” of a government. (Tilly, 1975, p.34) • The constituent features of modern state • The definitive territory • The definitive subjects • Monopoly of use of force and sovereign power • The establishment of internal and external public authority

19. Theories of Formation of the Modern State • Stein Rokkan’s theory of state formation • From primordial peripheral community to central establishment • Four trajectories of functional differentiations • Economic-technological differentiation and the establishment of CitiesCross-local commercial-industrial organization • Military-administrative differentiation and the establishment of Military Organizations for control of external conflict • Judicial-legislative differentiation and the establishment of JudiciaryOrganizations for management of internal conflict • Religious-symbolic differentiation and the establishment of ChurchCross-local script religion

20. Territorial Centers Military: Organization For Control of External Conflicts Judiciary: Organization For Management of Internal Conflicts Cities: Cross-Local Commercial-Industrial Organization Churches: Cross-Local Script Religions Judicial- Legislative Differentiation Military- Administrative Differentiation Religious-Symbolic Differentiation Economic-Technological Differentiation Primordial Local Community

22. Theories of Formation of the Modern State • Charles Tilly’s theory of state formation: Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 900-1992 (1992) • Accumulation and concentration of coercion, and the growth and formation of the state • Accumulation and concentration of capital, and the formation and growth of cities • Coalition and conflict within the state • Class coalition and struggle in the realm of exploitation • Coalition and struggle between state authority and citizenship in the realm of domination • Coalition and conflict among states: The mechanism of war preparation and making • Dialectic relationship between capital accumulation and warmaking • Dialectic relationship between coercion accumulation and warmaking

24. Theories of Formation of the Modern State • Charles Tilly’s theory of state formation: Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 900-1992 (1992) • Dynamics of geopolitics and inter-state system in Europe

25. Geopolitical Situation Coalition & Struggle between State & Citizenship Class Coalition and Struggle War Preparation & Making Concentration of coercion Concentration of Capital Growth of States Growth of Cities Accumulation of coercion Accumulation of Capital Form of State Tilly’s Conception of State Formation

26. Theories of Formation of the Modern State • Charles Tilly’s theory of state formation: Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 900-1992 (1992) • Dynamics of geopolitics and inter-state system in Europe • "What accounts for the great variation over time and space in the kinds of states that have prevailed in Europe since AD 900, and why did European states eventually converge on different variations of the national state? Why were the directions of change so similar and the path so different?" (1992, p.190)

27. The Theories of Formation of Modern State • Pierre Bourdieu’s Culturalist Conception of the State • Definition of the State • “Using a variation of Max Weber’s famous formula, that the state is an X (to be determined) which successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical and symbolic violence over a definite territory and over the totality of the corresponding population.” (Bourdieu, 1999, p. 56)

29. The Theories of Formation of Modern State • Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of State formation • Definition of the State • “The state is the culmination of a process of concentration of different species of capital: • capital of physical force or instruments of coercion • economic capital, • cultural &/or information capital, and • symbolic capital.” (p. 57)

30. The Theories of Formation of Modern State • Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of State formation • Project of constitution of physical & fiscal efficacy of the state • Accumulation of physical capital • Internal physical capital accumulation: Policing system • External physical capital accumulation: Army (Military) system • Accumulation of economic capital • Constitution of taxation and fiscal system

31. The Theories of Formation of Modern State • Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of State Formation • Project of constitution of symbolic efficacy of the state • Concentration of informational capital: “The state concentrates, treats, and redistributes information and, most of all, effects a theoretical unification. Taking the vantage point of the Whole, of society in its totality, the state claims responsibility for all operations of totalization (especially thanks to census taking and statistics or national accounting) and of objectivation through cartography (the unitary representation of space from above) or more simply through writing as an instrument of accumulation of knowledge (e.g. archive), as well as for all operation of codification as cognitive unification.” (p. 61)

32. The Theories of Formation of Modern State • Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of state formation • Project of constitution of symbolic efficacy of the state • Concentration of cultural capital: “The state contributes to the unification of the cultural market by unifying all codes, linguistic and juridical, and by effecting a homogenization of all forms of communication, including bureaucratic communication. Through classification systems inscribed in law, through bureaucratic procedures, educational structures and social rituals, the state molds mental structures and imposes common principles of vision and division, forms of thinking that are to the civilized mind. … And it thereby contributes to the construction of what is commonly designated as national identity.” (p. 61)

33. The Theories of Formation of Modern State • Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of state formation • Project of constitution of symbolic efficacy of the state • Constitution of symbolic capital: • “Symbolic capital is any property (any form of capital whether physical, economic, cultural or social) when it is perceived by social agents endowed with categories of perception which cause them to know it and to recognize it, to give it value.” (p. 62) • Concentration of juridical capital • Nomination of state nobility

34. The Theories of Formation of Modern State • Formation of citizenship • Reinhard Bendix’s Definition of Citizenship (1977): • Individualistic and plebiscitarian membership before the sovereign and nation-wide public authority • Development of citizenship: “the codification of the rights and duties of all adults who are classified as citizens”. (Bendix, 1964, p.90)

36. The Theories of Formation of Modern State • Formation of citizenship • T.H. Marshall’s Thesis of Citizenship and Social Class • Development of citizenship as means of abating social class conflict • The trajectory of citizenship development • Development of civil rights in the 18th century and the constitution of the Court of Justice and the Rule of Law • Development of the political rights in the 19th century and the constitution of the parliamentary system and the democratic state • Development of the social rights in the 20th century and the constitution of the social service departments and the welfare state

38. The Theories of Formation of Modern State • Formation of citizenship • Anthony Gidden’s critique of Marshall’s thesis (1982) • The nature of the development of citizenship: Evolutionary vs. conflict • The directionality of the development of citizenship: Linear vs. dialectic • The distinct status of the economic civil rights or industrial rights • David Held’s thesis of environmental rights and feminist rights (1989)

39. Theories of State in Organized Capitalism • Theory of corporatist states of late comers • Distinction between pluralist and corporatist states • “Pluarlism can be defined as a system of interest representation in which the constituent units are organized into an unspecified number of multiple, voluntary, competitive, nonhierarchically ordered and self-determined (as to type or scope of interest) categories which are not specifically licensed, recognized, subsidized, created or otherwise controlled in leadership selection or interest articulation by the state and which do not exercise a monopoly of representational activities within their respective categories. (Schmitter, 1979, p.15)

40. Theories of State in Organized Capitalism • Theory of corporatist states of late comers • Distinction between pluralist and corporatist states • “Corporatism can be defined as a system of interest representation in which the constituent units are organized into a limited number of singular, compulsory, noncompetitive, hierarchically ordered and functional differentiated categories, recognized and licensed (if not created) by the state and granted a deliberate representational monopoly within their respective categories in exchange for observing certain controls on their selection of leaders and articulation of demands and supports. (Schmitter, 1979, p.13) • Societal corporatism and the welfare state • State corporatism and authoritarian-bureaucratic state • Inclusionary corporatism and the politics of administrative absorption • Exclusionary corporatism

41. Theories of State in Organized Capitalism • Clause Offe’s Thesis of the Contradiction of the Welfare State and Organized Capitalism

43. Theories of State in Organized Capitalism “The concept of the capitalist state describes an institutional form of political power which is guided by the following four functional conditions: 1. Private production: Political power is prohibited from organizing material production according to its own ‘political’ criteria; property, whether in labour power or capital, is private. Hence, it is not political power, but private decisions that determine the concrete use of the means of production.

44. Theories of State in Organized Capitalism 2. Taxation constraints: Political power depends indirectly - through the mechanism of the taxation system - on the volume of private accumulation. Those who occupy positions of power in a capitalist state are in fact powerless unless the volume of the accumulation process allows them to derive (through taxation) the material resources necessary to promote any political ends..

45. Theories of State in Organized Capitalism 3. Accumulation: Since state power depends on a process of accumulation which is beyond its power to organize, every occupant of state power is basically interested in promoting those political conditions most conducive to private accumulation. …The institutional self-interest of the state in accumulation is conditioned by the fact that the state is denied the power to control the flow of those resources which are nevertheless indispensable for the exercise of the state power. Although the agents of the accumulation are not primarily interested in ‘using’ the power of the state, state actors must be interested - for the sake of their own power - in guaranteeing and safeguarding a ‘healthy’ accumulation process.

46. Theories of State in Organized Capitalism 4. Democratic legitimation: In parliamentary-democratic political regimes, any political group or party can win control over institutional state power only to the extent that it wins sufficient electoral support in general elections. This mechanism plays a key role in disguising the fact that the material resources of state power, and the ways in which these are used, primarily depend upon the voting preferences of the general electorate. In other words, there is a dual determination of the political power of the capitalist state: the institutional form of this state is determined through the rules of democratic and representative government, while the material content of the state power is conditioned by the continuous requirements of the accumulation process.” (Offe, 1982, Pp. 120-121)

47. Democratic Election Material Content Institutional form PublicPolicy De-commodification and Redistribution Capitalist State Democratic State Taxation Regulation & Intervention Wealth Accumulation Capitalist Economy

48. Theories of State in Organized Capitalism • Theroy of developmental and authoritarian-bureaucratic states in East Asia • Developmental state differs from traditional conception of liberal state, which assumes the role of ‘night watchman’, in two aspects. First is its strong commitment to national economic development. Second is its readiness and effectiveness in intervening into socio-economic or even political affairs in order to attain its goal of national economic development.

49. Theories of State in Organized Capitalism • Theroy of developmental and authoritarian-bureaucratic states in East Asia • Authoritarian-Bureaucratic (AB) state “’The concept of bureaucratic polity is distinguishable from other forms of government by the degree to which national decision-making is insulted from social and political forces outside the highest elite echelons of the capital city.’ (Jackson, 1978, p.4) …What makes the beueaucratic polity of Hong Kong distinctive is that, while the bureraucracy reigns surpreme there, it does not rely on military support for survival. Even though theoretically, as a colonial administration, Hong Kong’s bureaucracy is subject to control from the mother country, in practice its exemption from interference from the ‘top’ is almost complete. In essence, it is ‘secluded’ bureaucracy secluded from political and social forces which might threaten to undermine its autonomy.” (Lau, 1981, p.25)

50. Theories of State in Organized Capitalism • Theroy of developmental and authoritarian-bureaucratic states in East Asia • Lucian Pye’s conception of the paternalistic authoritarian state (1988)