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Phrases and Clauses. Phrases. Phrase : A group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb and its subject. Types of Phrases. Verb Phrase: does not contain a subject could have been hiding (no subject)
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Phrases • Phrase: A group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb and its subject
Types of Phrases • Verb Phrase: does not contain a subject • could have been hiding (no subject) • Prepositional Phrase: does not contain a subject or a verb • in the kitchen (no subject or verb) • Infinitive Phrase: does not contain a subject or a verb • to go with them (no subject or verb)
Prepositional Phrase • Includes a preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object • under the umbrella for ourselves next to them among good friends • May contain an article or another modifier • Noun or pronoun that completes the prepositional phrase is the object of the preposition
Prepositional Phrase Examples • Any modifier that comes between the prepositional phrase and its object is part of the prepositional phrase • Examples: • Leah has the lead in the school play. • The carriage vanished into the thick mist. • Come with Rick and me to the concert.
Careful! • Prepositional phrases always contain an object that is a NOUN or a PRONOUN • Example: Send the present to them.
Practice • One of these students was Paul Fisher. • Paul decided he would raise funds for Tangerine Middle School soccer. • Organizing the fund raiser took months of great effort. • Many different team members contributed their talents to the project. • Now the the names of those who contributed are being publically thanked by the Tangerine citizens.
Adjective Phrase • Prepositional phrase used as an adjective • Adjective: Mrs. Fisher chose the blue one. • Adj. Phrase: Mrs. Fisher chose the one with blue stripes.
Adjective Phrase Continued • An adjective phrase modifies a noun or a pronoun and generally come after the words they modify • They answer the same questions single-word adjectives answer • What kind? Which one? How many/much? • The store with the neon sign is open.
Adjective Phrase Examples • Maya is a soccer player from Florida. • Their enthusiasm for soccer brought them together. • Their strategies about winning games were proved to work well.
Adverb Phrase • A prepositional phrase used as an adverb is called an adverb phrase. • Adverb: The team will reach the field soon. • Adverb phrase: The team will reach the field by noon. • An adverb phrase modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb and answers the same questions. When? Where? How? To what extent?
Adverb Phrase Examples • We got our new puppy at the animal shelter. • A puppy is always ready for a game. • He barks loudly for a puppy.
Adjective Phrase vs Adverb Phrase • Adjective phrases usually follow the word or words they modify. • Adverb phrases may appear at various places in sentences. • Examples: • At dusk, we went inside to eat dinner. • We went inside at dusk to eat dinner. • We went inside to eat dinner at dusk.
Adjective Phrase & Adverb Phrase • An adverb phrase may be followed by an adjective phrase that modifies the object in the adverb phrase. • Example: • The boat landed on an island near the coast.
Clauses • A word group that contains a verb and its subject and that is used as a sentence or as part of a sentence.
Independent Clause • An independent (or main) clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence • Ex. I woke up late this morning. Do you know Joseph?
Independent Clauses • When an independent clause stands alone, it is called a sentence. • The term independent clause is usually only used when a clause is joined with another clause. • Example: My mother drove me to school. My mother drove me to school, but my brother rode his bicycle.
Subordinate Clause • A subordinate (or dependent clause) does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence. • Subordinate clauses are joined with independent clauses to express a complete thought.
Subordinate Clause • May appear at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence. • Subordinate clause: if they do not win • Sentence: If they do not win, they will have to practice harder next year. They will have to practice harder next year if they do not win.
Fragment • A subordinate clause that is capitalized and punctuated as though it is a sentence is a sentence fragment. • Example. If you know anybody that can help. Who are shown in the photographs below.
