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Chapter 1 Introduction to Planet “Earth”

Chapter 1 Introduction to Planet “Earth”. Essentials of Oceanography 7 th Edition. Geography of the oceans. Earth’s oceans: Cover 70.8% of Earth’s surface Are interconnected (“world ocean”) Have huge size and volume (as a reservoir, contain 97% of Earth’s water).

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Planet “Earth”

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  1. Chapter 1Introduction to Planet “Earth” Essentials of Oceanography 7th Edition

  2. Geography of the oceans Earth’s oceans: • Cover 70.8% of Earth’s surface • Are interconnected (“world ocean”) • Have huge size and volume (as a reservoir, contain 97% of Earth’s water)

  3. The four principal oceans • Pacific • Atlantic • Indian • Arctic Plus: • Southern or Antarctic Ocean Figure 1-2

  4. Comparing oceans to the continents Figure 1-3

  5. Comparing depth of the oceans to elevation on land Figure 1-4

  6. Early exploration of the oceans • Pacific navigators peopled many remote islands Figure 1-6

  7. Early exploration of the oceans • Advancements of European navigators • Phoenicians explored the Mediterranean Sea and beyond • Pytheas developed method to determine latitude • Eratosthenes calculated circumference of Earth • Ptolemy produced map that shows known land surrounded by largely unexplored oceans

  8. Early exploration of the oceans • The Vikings explored the North Atlantic and established many colonies Figure 1-7

  9. Early exploration of the oceans • During the Age of Discovery, Columbus and Magellan make journeys of exploration Figure 1-8

  10. Early exploration of the oceans • Voyaging for science began with English navigator and explorer Captain James Cook • Mapped many unknown islands • Determined outline of the Pacific Ocean • Sampled ocean properties • Modified shipboard diet to eliminate scurvy • Used John Harrison’s chronometer to determine longitude

  11. The scientific method Figure 1-10

  12. Origin of the Solar System and Earth • Cloud of gas and space dust (nebula) began to contract about 4.6 billion years ago The Nebular Hypothesis Figure 1-12

  13. Origin of the Solar System and Earth • Protoplanets were created from the nebula • Protoearth was initially homogenous: • Larger in size than today’s Earth • Had lots of volcanic activity • No continents or oceans • No life

  14. Density stratification • Protoearth experiences density stratification • Density = how heavy something is for its size • Density stratification causes high density material to sink while low density material rises • High density material = rock material and metals • Low density material = gases

  15. Density stratification creates a layered Earth Figure 1-13

  16. Origin of the oceans • As a result of density stratification, water for the oceans is outgassed from inside Earth Figure 1-14

  17. Origin of the atmosphere • Density stratification caused Earth’s early atmosphere (water vapor and carbon dioxide) to be outgassed from inside Earth • The initial atmosphere was rich in hydrogen and helium • Earth’s present atmosphere is rich in nitrogen and oxygen

  18. Photosynthesis releases oxygen to the atmosphere Figure 1-16

  19. Origin of life on Earth • Stanley Miller’s experiment simulating conditions of an early Earth showed that life probably began in the oceans Figure 1-15

  20. Major events in Earth’s development Figure 1F

  21. End of Chapter 1 Essentials of Oceanography 7th Edition

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