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The Plant Kingdom

The Plant Kingdom. Chapter 1. Evolution of Plants. 3.5 billion years ago = bacteria & blue/green algae. 1 billion years ago = green algae 600 million years ago = 0 2 could support life. 400 million years ago = land plants. 350 million years ago = seed plants. Geographical Distribution.

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The Plant Kingdom

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  1. The Plant Kingdom Chapter 1

  2. Evolution of Plants • 3.5 billion years ago = bacteria & blue/green algae. • 1 billion years ago = green algae • 600 million years ago = 02 could support life. • 400 million years ago = land plants. • 350 million years ago = seed plants.

  3. Geographical Distribution • All over the earth with few limiting factors which are: • Climate • Water • Temperature

  4. Roles of Plants • Photosynthetic Process • Autotrophs • C02 and H20 • Sunlight & Chlorophyll • Glucose, O2, & H20 • Energy Capture

  5. Food (Edible Plants) • What parts of a plant do we eat? • Roots • Stems • Leaves • Flowers • Seeds (Cereal Grains) • Fruits • Tubers

  6. Edible Plants • Sugar • Angiosperms • Largest amount of plants we eat come from this classification.

  7. Industrial Uses • Wood • Houses, furniture, turpentine • Fibers • Cotton, flax, hemp, • Oils • Soybean, coconut, cottonseed,.. • Rubber

  8. Medicinal Uses • Health benefits • Most pharmaceuticals • Antibiotics

  9. Other Uses • Fossil Fuels • Prehistoric Plants-captured solar energy • Oil and Gas • Buried Plant material that has undergone chemical changes

  10. Mobile Need to feed themselves Lack a cell wall of cellulose (flaccid) Cellulose not synthesized Growth is limited Generally not mobile Contain chlorophyll to make own food Cell walls made of cellulose Cellulose synthesized by cells Growth is unlimited Animal –vs- Plant Kingdoms

  11. Kingdom Plantae • 500,000 kinds of plants exist. • Many don’t fit well. • Recent trends based on evolutionary origins & Relationship. • Monera; the bacteria & blue green algae. • Protista; all other algae & the protozoans. • Mycota, fungi; such as mushrooms & molds • Plantae; mosses, ferns, seed plants & several minor groups.

  12. Taxonomy • Theophrastus (370-285 B.C) started to record names. • Used Common Names. • Cause confusion

  13. Plant Classification • There must be a systematic method to evaluate the species of the planet consistently. There are many ways. • Nomenclature is the system of assigning names.

  14. Nomenclature • Scientific communities use Latin,Greek, and Arabic to name • Names are use to signify origins or characteristics • For example: names for leaves are phylla, follia, phyllon, folius • Prefixes are also used: micro-small macro-large • Microphylla, Magnolia grandiflora

  15. Classification • Carl von Linne is the creator of the classification system by the publication of Hortus in 1732 • Binomial – Two names the Genus and the species. Genus always capitalized and species lower case and both should be italicized.

  16. How to Classify Plants • Phylogenetic = How they look • Environmental = where they grow (climate regions) • Agricultural = What use they are grown for • Natural/morpholigal = how their structures compares

  17. Artificial Classification Systems • Climatic • Agricultural

  18. Botanical Systems • Structure of the plants

  19. Example of a complete classification of an Onion plant. Kingdom: Plantae Division: Anthophyta Class: Monocotyledonae Order: Liliales Family: Amaryllidaceae Genus: Allium Species: Allium cepa L

  20. Divisions or phylla • Thallophyta - algae, and fungi no tissue differentiation. • Bryophyta – green plantsw/o true roots or flowers. Mosses & liverworts • Pteridophyta - green plants with vascular system, true roots, usually distinct leaves & stems but no true flowers or seeds, has spores • Spermatophyta – plants with true flowers producing seeds.

  21. Further Separation • Spermatophyta-further divided: gymnosperms & angiosperms • Gymnospermae = naked seed (in cones) • Angiospermae = seed protected • Subclasses-Angiosperms: Mono & dicotyledons

  22. Class • Monocotyledoneae = one cotyledon, generally parallel veins, flower parts in 3’s & 6’s. • Dicotyledoneae = two cotyledon, net-veined leaves, flower parts in 4’s & 5’s or multiples of 4’s & 5’s

  23. Lower Subdivisions • Order • Family • Genus • Species • Form • Variety/Cultivar/Clone

  24. Sub specific Categories • Botanical Variety-different from wild hence var.. • Cultivar-little genetic variation “cv” • Hybrid-crossbreeding use an “x” • Family-closely related genera nightshade, sunflower

  25. New Taxonomic Tools • Chemical analysis – composition of the plant • Protein analysis • DNA analysis – genetic finger printing.

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