Memory

1. Memory

2. If technological advances would allow it, would you ever want to intentionally get rid of memories of some specific events? Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind

3. Information Processing • Sensory Register • Temporary storage • Unlimited capacity • Iconic memory • Echoic memory

4. Iconic memory

5. Information Processing

6. Information Processing • Short Term Memory (STM) • Holds information that we are thinking about or are aware of (consciously) • Has two primary tasks • Storing new information briefly • Working on that information • Also known as working memory

7. Serial Position Effect

8. Short Term Memory Storage • Verbal information is stored phonologically • By its sound • Some information is stored visually • Images are often stored visually and verbally

9. Short Term Memory Capacity • Limited capacity • 7 ± 2 units

10. Short Term Memory • Chunking • Information lasts longer in STM than in the sensory registers because we can rehearse it. • Rote rehearsal • Retaining information in STM simply by repeating it over and over

11. Information Processing

12. Long Term Memory (LTM) • Capacity • Long-term memory can store a vast amount of information that can last for many years. • Encoding • Most of the information in LTM seems to be encoded according to its meaning.

14. Semantic Network

15. Organization of LTM • Schemas • Organized, repeatedly exercised patterns of thought or behavior

16. Which color is on top on a stoplight? How many rows of stars are on the U.S. flag? Whose image is on a dime? Is he wearing a tie? What five words besides In God We Trust appear on most U.S. coins? When water goes down the drain, does it swirl clockwise or counterclockwise?

18. Automatic Processing Space Time Frequency

19. Encoding • Rote rehearsal • Elaborative rehearsal • Visual imagery • Mnemonics • Acronyms and acrostics • Method of loci • Pegword method

22. Retrieval • Organization • encoding • Retrieval Cues • Encoding Specificity Principle • Environmental context • State dependent learning

23. Flashbulb Memories • memories centered on a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid it is as if they represented a snapshot of the event • Vividness comes from importance of the event as well as emotional content

24. Déjà vu Decreases with age and increases with education and income Is more common in persons who travel, remember their dreams, and have liberal political and religious beliefs Is most likely triggered by a general physical context, although spoken words alone sometimes produce the illusion

25. Is experienced mainly when people are indoors, engaged in leisure activities or relaxing, and in the company of friends Is relatively brief – 10 to 30 seconds – and is more frequent in the evening than in the morning, and on the weekend than on weekdays Is responded to more positively than negatively, with people typically indicating they are surprised, curious, or confused

26. Forgetting • Decay theory • Interference theory • Retroactive • Proactive

27. Forgetting • Motivated Forgetting • Suppression • Repression • Encoding failure • Retrieval failure • Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

28. Reconstruction of Memories As memories fade, fill in details May use schemas Hindsight bias

31. Children’s Eyewitness Memory Children’s eyewitness recall can be unreliable if leading questions are posed. However, if cognitive interviews are neutrally worded, the accuracy of their recall increases. In cases of sexual abuse, this usually suggests a lower percentage of abuse.

32. The Biology of Memory • Amnesia • Retrograde • Anterograde • Childhood

33. The Biology of Memory • Hippocampus  explicit memory

34. The Biology of Memory • Cerebral cortex, striatum, amygdala  implicit memory

35. Hormones and Memory Adrenaline Noradrenaline Cortisol

36. Korsakoff’s Syndrome • Diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus) • Alzheimer’s Disease • Amyloid beta protein • Basal forebrain, hippocampus, cerebral cortex • Acetylcholine