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Latin American Peoples Win Independence

Latin American Peoples Win Independence. European Empires: 1660s. Latin American Revolutions!. 16c-18c: New Ideas Brewing in Europe. Revolution in Haiti (1791-1804). Toussaint L’Ouverture.

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Latin American Peoples Win Independence

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  1. Latin American Peoples Win Independence

  2. European Empires: 1660s

  3. Latin American Revolutions!

  4. 16c-18c: New Ideas Brewing in Europe

  5. Revolution in Haiti (1791-1804) Toussaint L’Ouverture • Saint Domingue (of Caribbean island Hispaniola) was the first Latin American territory to break ties with Europe • Had been one of France’s richest possessions • Prosperity built on slave labor in which masters use brutal methods • French Revolution had dramatic effect on island • Former slave Toussaint L’Ouverture led revolt against French masters • By 1801 he freed all enslaved Africans • In 1802, French troops imprisoned L’Ouverture • Jean-Jacques Dessaline declared Haiti an independent country in 1804 Early Struggles in Latin America The Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions inspired some in Latin America to seek greater freedom.

  6. Latin America Socially Divided Social class, based on race & ethnicity, dictated people’s place in society At top of society were peninsulares = born in Spain - Tiny % of popul., could hold high gov’t office Second to the top were the creoles = Spaniards born in Latin America - No high gov’t office, but could rise as officers in army Third were the mestizos = persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry Fourth were the mulattos = persons of mixed European and African ancestry - Also included African slaves Indians were at the bottom of the social ladder

  7. Revolutions in Venezuela, Ecuador, & Peru • 1811-1822 • Creoles were least oppressed, but best educated • Learned of Enlightenment ideas & Revolutions • Creoles felt no loyalty to French king (Napoleon) • When king deposed, power should shift to the people (Locke)

  8. Creoles Lead Independence • Simón Bolivar • Wealthy Venezuelan creole • Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States • Called “Libertador” (liberator) • Led volunteer army of revolutionaries in struggle for independence • Won Venezuela’s independence in 1821

  9. Creoles Lead Independence • José de San Martin • Argentinian military officer • Won Argentina’s independence in 1816 • Led army against Spanish forces to free Chile • Partnered with Bolivar to drive Spanish forces out of Peru • Decisive victory at Battle of Ayacucho in 1824 • Future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, & Ecuador united into Gran Colombia

  10. Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martin

  11. Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence!

  12. Mexico Ends Spanish Rule • 1810-1821 • Ethnic & racial groups mixed freely • Indians & mestizosled revolution • Padre Miguel Hidalgo, priest of village of Dolores, called for rebellion against the Spanish in 1811 • grito de Dolores (cry of Dolores) • Defeated by Spanish army & creoles in Mexico city • Padre José María Morelos led revolution for four more years but was defeated in 1815

  13. Mexico Ends Spanish Rule • Turning point in 1820 when revolution in Spain put liberal group in power • Mexico’s creoles united in support of Mexico’s independence from Spain • Agustín de Iturbide (who had defeated Morelos), proclaimed Mexico’s independence in 1821

  14. However… • Before the Mexican revolution, Central America was part of New Spain • Declared independence from New Spain and from Mexico as well • Iturbide refused to recognize this independence, but was overthrown in 1823 • Central America declared its absolute independence from Mexico and became known as the United Provinces of Central America • Future countries of Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica

  15. Brazil’s Royal Liberator Flag of the Empire of Brazil, 1822-1889 • Independence occurred w/o violence or bloodshed • When Napoleon’s army approached Portugal, the prince and royal family escaped to Rio de Janiero in Brazil • After Napoleon’s defeat, the royal family went back to Portugal except for Dom Pedro, who stayed in Brazil • In 1822, Brazilians demanded independence from Portugal and petitioned for Dom Pedro to rule Brazil • Sept. 7, 1822 – Dom Pedro declared Brazil’s independence Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim de Bragança e Bourbon

  16. LatinAmerican StatesAfter the Revolutions

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