Joints

1. Joints: where two or more bones meet • 3 types of joints: • Fixed/permanent joints -immovable: no movement takes place -bones are fused together permanently Example: skull - consists only of fixed joints Joints

2. 2. Slightly movable joints -some movement but very limited Example: ribs/vertebrae pelvis scapula/clavicle joint 3. Freely movable joints -full range of motion movement Example: Hinge joints like knee, elbow, fingers, jaw, toes

3. Pivot joints -elbow -head/vertebra Gliding joints -wrist -ankles Movable Joints contd.

4. Hinge joints -elbow, knees, fingers, toes Ball & socket -hips, shoulders Movable Joints contd.

5. Cartilage -between two bones -cushion the bones Tendon -thick bands of connective tissue that attach muscles to bone Ligament -tough band of connective tissue that attaches one bone to another; joints are often held together and enclosed by ligaments Tissues in and around joints

6. Osteoporosis -loss of bone mass -bones become thin, especially in neck of femur & spine Estrogen -helps to maintain Ca in women -problems after menopause (loss of estrogen production) Skeletal Diseases

7. Diet poor in Ca & protein Lack of vitamin D Smoking Exercise insufficient to stress bones (need weight –bearing) Other factors that may contribute to osteoporosis

8. Due to accumulation of uric acid [normal waste product of protein metabolism] Accumulate in blood and deposits crystals in soft tissue Usually big toe After age 30 Possibly genetic Gout “Gouty Arthritis”

9. Diet Drugs Lose weight Treatment for Gout

10. Bones fail to calcify Bones soften and bow under weight [legs] Due to lack of Calcium (and/or Vitamin D – needed to absorb Calcium into blood) rickets

11. A sprain is a stretched or torn ligament. Ligaments are tissues that connect bones at a joint. Falling, twisting, or getting hit can all cause a sprain. Ankle and wristsprains are common. Symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising and being unable to move your joint. You might feel a pop or tear when the injury happens. Sprain

12. a sideways curvature of the spine that occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty. While scoliosis can be caused by conditions such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy, the cause of most scoliosis is unknown. Most cases of scoliosis are mild, but severe scoliosis can be disabling. An especially severe spinal curve can reduce the amount of space within the chest, making it difficult for the lungs to function properly. Symptoms: Signs and symptoms of scoliosis may include: Uneven shoulders One shoulder blade that appears more prominent than the other Uneven waist One hip higher than the other Scoliosis

13. Leukemia is cancer of your body's blood-forming tissues, including your bone marrow and lymphatic system. It usually starts in your white blood cells. Your white blood cells are potent infection fighters — they normally grow and divide in an orderly way, as your body needs them. But in leukemia, your bone marrow produces a large number of abnormal white blood cells, which don't function properly. Leukemia isn't just a children's disease. It has four main types and many subtypes — and only some are common among children. Leukemia

14. They differ for each type of leukemia, but common leukemia symptoms include: Fever or chills Persistent fatigue, weakness Frequent infections Loss of appetite or weight Swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver or spleen Easy bleeding or bruising Shortness of breath when you're physically active, as while climbing steps Tiny red spots in your skin (petechiae) Excessive sweating, especially at night Bone pain or tenderness Symptoms