The 60’s

1. The 60’s A Decade of Protest and Change

2. Brief Introduction • The 60’s were a time of protest and change/ When JFK took office he announced that the “torch was being passed to a new generation.” • Advances in civil rights spread from African Americans to other minority groups and women. • President Johnson dreamt of ending American poverty • His hopes were derailed when the United States became involved in the Vietnam War • By the late 1960s a new generation of young Americans began to question the conformity of the 1950s. • New forms of art, music and self-expression appeared.

3. The Kennedy Presidency 1960 - 1963

4. Kennedy You Tube Time • John F. Kennedy Campaign Song (1 Minute) • http://youtu.be/FiUT-MT0EC8 • Kennedy / Nixon Debate video (5 Minutes) • http://youtu.be/8g1O7c4j0YU?t=18s • Inaugural Address (3 Minutes) • http://youtu.be/mxa4HDgfWFs?t=1s

5. Domestic Policy Under Kennedy • Kennedy’s New Frontier: Symbolized the vigor of youth. The New Frontier was a slogan used by President John F. Kennedy to describe his goals and policies. Kennedy maintained that, like the Americans of the frontier in the nineteenth century, Americans of the twentieth century had to rise to new challenges, such as achieving equality of opportunity for all. • Proposed (but did not pass under Kennedy):tax cuts to stimulate the economy, the creation of Medicare, Civil Rights Legislation, increased aid to education • Peace Corps: A program in which American volunteers went to developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America to share their skills. It continues today. • The Space Race: http://youtu.be/oQOu0IAdgaA (1 minute)

6. Space Race • Kennedy announces we will put a man on the moon. This is a counter to the Soviet Space Program. • John Glenn: Became the first American to orbit the earth in 1962 • Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin: Later Presidents continued the space program. The United States became the first country to land two men on the surface of the moon in 1969. • Space Exploration has led to advances in technology. • Satellites with improved television and radio signal • Satellites help us: Communicate faster, predict weather, forecast impending tsunamis, cyclones, hurricanes, and tornadoes. • Phone calls to overseas and use GPS (global positioning system) • Invention of: high-performance solar cells, new lubricants, infrared ear thermometers, enriched baby food, cordless power tools, and tempur-pedic foam mattresses and pillows

7. Foreign Policy Under Kennedy Kennedy Strongly Opposed Communism & Pledged to Contain It • Fidel Castro: In 1959 an uprising to overthrow the brutal Cuban dictator General Batista. At first, Americans looked Castro’s revolution as an attempt to introduce democracy into Cuba. However, shortly after taking power, Castro made new agreements with the Soviet Union. • Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961): http://youtu.be/8qXZp8bxpNY?t=4s(6 Minutes) • Alliance for Progress (1961): Kennedy created a program of grants and loans to Latin American nations to promote economic progress, land reform, and trade • The Belin Wall (1961): A few months after the “Bay of Pigs” failure, President Kennedy met Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna. Kennedy did not feel the meeting went well- he was right. Only a few weeks after the meeting Soviet Officials actually began construction of the Berlin Wall.

8. Cuban Missile Crisis http://youtu.be/9_2NsHeLDIE?t=8s(6 Minutes)

9. The Johnson Presidency 1963 - 1968

10. Lyndon B. Johnson • The nation was shocked when President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. • VP Lyndon Johnson became the next President • He was sworn into office onboard Air Force One. • Presidential Term: 1963 – 1968 • http://youtu.be/CS6Pv-g8CMA (4 Minutes)

11. The Great Society • Johnson’s Goal was to transform the nation into a Great Society by opening up opportunities and improving the quality of life for all Americans • Included: Equality of opportunity, Enrichment of urban life, restoration of natural beauty, expansion of education, ending poverty, health care for the elderly and greater racial equality

12. The Great Society: The Programs • Civil Rights: As you already know, Johnson pushed through a broad program of Civil Rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the Voting Rights Act (1965). He also introduced affirmative action. • War on Poverty: Johnson called for a “War on Poverty”. The Economic Opportunity Act (1964) created a new government office to administer programs established by the act. These included the Job Corps, to train underprivileged youths, and a domestic “Peace Corps” to help in depressed areas. • Medicare Act of 1965: Social Security was expanded to provide medical care, hospital insurance, and post-hospital nursing for people over the age of 65. • Aid to Cities: A new cabinet post was created to help the nation’s cities. Money was provided for urban planning, slum clearance, rental assistance for the poor, and the reconstruction of buildings.

13. The Great Society • Immigration Policy was changed. • The post-war McCarren-Walter Act (1952) kept immigration quotas at 1920 levels (favoring Western Europe). • The Immigration Act of 1965 aimed to be less biased. Each country was given an identical quota for its number of legal immigrants. Preference was given to those with relatives already in the U.S. or with valuable skills. The act also restricted immigration from Latin America for the very first time. • In 1964, President Johnson ran against Barry Goldwater, a Senator from Arizona. Goldwater helped revive conservatism at a time when it seemed to be out of fashion. He called for a tough stance in dealing with the Soviets. Americans feared that Goldwater was an “extremist” who might lead the nation into a nuclear war against the Soviet Union. • Despite Johnson’s Great Society Programs, many Americans remained in poverty. The cost of the Vietnam War eventually forced Johnson to withdraw much of the funding from these domestic programs. Because of the growing division in the nation over this war, Johnson did not seek another term as President in 1968, despite his landslide election victory in 1964.

14. The Women’s Liberation Movement 1960 - Present

15. Take Notes… You can you them on your quiz Quiz Tomorrow: 20-March-2014 Behave… I am just down the hall. Miss me. -Coach C

16. Reasons • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Dvpeqnkinc&list=UU0azb5dFhDRszuiy0jRTn5g • Dissatisfaction: Many were dissatisfied with their roles as housewives and sought freedom to express themselves in careers and work. • Influence of Civil Rights Movement: Many women leaders had been active in the Civil Rights Movement. Success inspired them to adopt the same techniques to promote women’s rights – lobbying, sit-ins, demonstrations, boycotts, & strikes. • The “Sexual Revolution”: Sex education courses began to be taught in school Birth Control pills protected women from pregnancy. Women objected to being treated as “sex objects” instead of as full human beings. • Impact of Social Science: Social Scientists, especially women such as anthropologist Margaret Mead, began to see women’s low status in Western society as the creation of a male-dominated power structure rather than as biological necessity. • Dynamic Leadership: Highly educated and talented women provided dynamic leadership. Feminist leaders founded Ms. Magazine, devoted to women’s concerns and viewpoints decidedly different from traditional woman’s magazines.

17. Feminist Movement • http://youtu.be/amZD8XxTsjQ (20 Minutes) • 1963: Betty Friedan writes The Feminine Mystique • 1966: National Organization of Women (NOW): became chief voice of the Women’s Movement

18. Achievements of the Women’s Liberation Movement • Education: As a result of affirmative action, universities receiving federal support could no longer discriminate on the basis of sex in their admissions policy. Most colleges became co-educational and hired women professors. Greater gender equality was also achieved in admissions to military academies, law schools, and medical schools. • Employment: Feminists sought to end discrimination in hiring, to establish equal job opportunities for women, and to place women in positions of greater responsibility. In 1963, Congress passed the Equal Pay Act, requiring companies to pay women the same wages as men for the same work.

19. Achievements of the Women’s Liberation Movement • New Attitudes: Feminist objected to beauty contests and introduced the title “Ms.” to replace “Miss” and “Mrs.” They opposed sexist language (policeman / fireman), the use of women as sex objects in advertising, or the idea that men cannot to housework. They lobbied for more funds to research women’s diseases (such as breast cancer). • Roe v. Wade (1973): Many states had laws that prohibited abortion. Feminists believed that a woman should have the right to decide for herself whether to end her pregnancy. Pro-choice became a rallying cry for the Women’s Movement. In Roe v. Wade, the U.S. Supreme Court held that a woman had a constitutional right to privacy. This gave her the right to end her pregnancy in the first 3 months if she chose to do so. The decision overturned ALL those state laws prohibiting an abortion in the first 3 months.

20. Title IX (1972) • Major landmark in women’s rights in education • Part of the Educational Amendments Act (1972) • Banned sex discrimination in educational institutions • Promoted gender equality by guaranteeing girls in school the same opportunity as boys. • By linking enforcement of the act to federal funding, lawmakers created a powerful financial incentive for schools to provide gender equality (to keep from losing federal aid) • Major impact on American Society. • Before Title IX, only 1 in 27 girls played Varsity High School Sports • By 2001, that figure had risen to 1 in 2.5 girls playing Varsity High School Sports • Helped women pursue high degrees, compete in sports & enter jobs and educational fields that had previously been dominated by men. • Before Title IX, the # of women attending colleges and universities was significantly lower than men, Today, more women than men are pursuing higher education.

21. The Women Coaches of Manvel HS are grateful for Title IX (1972)