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K . R ICHARD R IDDERINKHOF

K . R ICHARD R IDDERINKHOF. E P O S. The C ontrol of C ognitive P rocesses: E valuative and E xecutive C ontrol in the A ctivation, S uppression, and M onitoring of A ctions Amsterdam, february 2002 EPOS / ONWA cursus Cognitive Neuroscience. INTRODUCTION COGNITIVE CONTROL.

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K . R ICHARD R IDDERINKHOF

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  1. K. RICHARD RIDDERINKHOF E P O S The Control of Cognitive Processes: Evaluative andExecutive Control inthe Activation, Suppression, and Monitoring of Actions Amsterdam, february 2002 EPOS / ONWA cursus Cognitive Neuroscience

  2. INTRODUCTIONCOGNITIVE CONTROL E P O S • Cognitive control refers to a set of evaluative and executive cognitive processes that regulatethe operation of more specialized cognitive processes • Executive control • refers to the adaptive ability to configure the cognitive system in accordance with complex, confusing, or novel demands • comes into play when routine functioning of basal cognitive processes leads to inadequate or inappropriate performance • Evaluative control • refers to the ability to monitor the internal and external environment for signals that indicate the demand for (increased) executive control

  3. INTRODUCTIONTHE CONFLICT PARADIGM E P O S • The conflict paradigm is a well-known paradigm from experimental psychology that is well-suited to study evaluative and executive control processes • Examples, used frequently in cognitive neuroscience • Stroop / Eriksen / Simon / Priming / Antisaccade • Conflict tasks involve • basal cognitive functions (e.g., perceptual identification, stimulus-response translation, response activation) • executive functions (goal maintainance & context updating, attentional selection, response inhibition) • evaluative functions (monitoring for conflicts and errors, monitoring for feedback, monitoring for change of goals/context)

  4. INTRODUCTIONCOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE E P O S • Monitoring functions do not imply a homunculus • Simple set of “if—then” rules • Can readily be simulated using both production-rule systems and connectionist networks • Conflict tasks are really popular in neuro-imaging studies as well as behavioral studies • What can we learn about the activation, monitoring, and suppression of actions in conflict tasks by combining and integrating techniques and insights from the cognitive neurosciences

  5. DIRECT RESPONSE ACTIVATION STIMULUS PROCESSING + EARLY SELECTION S RESPONSE ACTIVATION PROCESSES R DELIBERATE RESPONSE DECISION PROCESSES RESPONSE ACTIVATION CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK E P O S • Dual – process model of response activation in conflict tasks • general architecture • e.g., Kornblum et al. ( JEP:HPP, 1990) • present version: Ridderinkhof et al. (ActaPsychol, 1995)

  6. RESPONSE ACTIVATION DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS E P O S • CONDITIONAL ACCURACY FUNCTIONS (CAFs) • plot response accuracy as a function of response speed (bins or quantiles) • micro - tradeoff between speed and accuracy • How is the direct activation of responses expressed in CAFs?

  7. RESPONSE ACTIVATION SIMON TASK : RIDDERINKHOF (A & P XIX, 2002) E P O S • Trials preceded by CR trials versus trials preceded by NCR trials

  8. RESPONSE ACTIVATION SIMON TASK : RIDDERINKHOF (PSYCH RES, IN PRESS) E P O S • Sometimes accuracy dips below chance level: • CR/NCR probability

  9. SELECTIVE SUPPRESSION OF ACTIVATION DIRECT RESPONSE ACTIVATION STIMULUS PROCESSING + EARLY SELECTION S RESPONSE ACTIVATION PROCESSES R DELIBERATE RESPONSE DECISION PROCESSES SELECTIVE SUPPRESSION CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK E P O S • The Activation-Suppression model • Direct activation is subsequently suppressed • Selective Suppression takes some time to build up • Ridderinkhof (A & P XIX, 2002) • Burle et al. (PsychRes, in press) • Eimer (JMB, 2001)

  10. DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSES E P O S CUMULATIVE DENSITY • CUMULATIVE DENSITY FUNCTIONS (CDFs) • Plot the probability of responding as a function of response speed • Weber’s law: Effect size increases as responses get slower

  11. ACTIVATION - SUPPRESSION DELTA PLOTS E P O S • DELTA PLOTS • plot effect size as a function of response speed quantiles CUMULATIVE DENSITY • provide a convenient reduction of data, allowing easy inspection of dynamics of suppression effects DELTA PLOT

  12. ACTIVATION - SUPPRESSION DELTA PLOTS E P O S • If suppression is weak (or slow), then it will operate mostly on slow responses CUMULATIVE DENSITY DELTA PLOT

  13. ACTIVATION - SUPPRESSION DELTA PLOTS E P O S CUMULATIVE DENSITY • If suppression is stronger (or faster), then it will operate also on less slow responses DELTA PLOT

  14. ACTIVATION - SUPPRESSION DELTA PLOTS E P O S CUMULATIVE DENSITY DELTA PLOT • If suppression is still stronger (or faster), then it will operate also even on relatively fast responses

  15. ACTIVATION - SUPPRESSION SIMON TASK : RIDDERINKHOF (A & P XIX, 2002) E P O S • Same trials, but embedded in contexts that differ in inhibitory demands

  16. ACTIVATION - SUPPRESSION SIMON TASK : RIDDERINKHOF (A & P XIX, 2002) E P O S • Median-split of sample, based on magnitude of Simon effect

  17. ACTIVATION - SUPPRESSION ERIKSEN TASK : RIDDERINKHOFET AL. (IN PREP) E P O S • AD/HD children versus age/IQ-matched controls

  18. ACTIVATION - SUPPRESSION ERIKSEN TASK : RIDDERINKHOFET AL. (IN PREP) E P O S • Effects of medicinal methylphenidate treatment in AD/HD children

  19. ACTIVATION - SUPPRESSION PRIMING TASK : BANDET AL. (PSYCH RES, IN PRESS) E P O S • Effects not always present: • instructed SAT

  20. ACTIVATION - SUPPRESSION ERIKSEN TASK : RIDDERINKHOFET AL. (IN PREP) E P O S • Effects not always present: • effects of alcohol (double blind study) • in the face of other interesting effects (to be discussed later)

  21. ACTIVATION - SUPPRESSION SIMON TASK : RIDDERINKHOF (PSYCH RES, IN PRESS) E P O S • Adaptive behavior following error commission

  22. ACTIVATION - SUPPRESSION SIMON TASK : BURLE ET AL. (PSYCH RES, IN PRESS) E P O S • Adaptive behavior following partial error commission (as determined with electromyographic recordings)

  23. ACTIVATION - SUPPRESSION N2 – INDEX FOR RESPONSE SUPPRESSION ? E P O S • N2 component of ERP is enhanced in conflict trials (e.g., Kopp et al.,yf, 1996) • So, does N2 reflect response suppression?

  24. ACTIVATION - SUPPRESSION N2 – INDEX FOR RESPONSE SUPPRESSION ? E P O S • fMRI studies : • Botvinick et al. (Nature 1998) • v.Veen et al. (Neuro-Image 2001) • caudal ACC • active during conflict trials (in correct responses) • source of N2 ? • v.Veen et al. J.Cogn.Neuroscience, in press • N2 during conflict trials can be localized to caudal ACC • ACC: seat of response inhibition ?

  25. -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 0 200 400 600 Correct Go Correct rejections ACTIVATION - SUPPRESSION N2 – INDEX FOR RESPONSE SUPPRESSION ? E P O S • Parallel: NoGo-N2 • Nieuwenhuis et al. (in prep) • typical interpretation: NoGo-N2 reflects response inhibition • source: ACC CSD Difference Maps Stimulus-locked ERPs • Conclusion: response suppression • relies on caudal ACC • is expressed in N2

  26. ERN Fz ERP TO ERRORS ERP TO NON-ERRORS DIFFERENCE ERP R EVALUATIVE CONTROL ERN – INDEX FOR ERROR/CONFLICT MONITORING E P O S • Brain activity related to the detection / monitoring / appraisal of • erroneous responses • (partially) erroneous activation • conflicting activation • ‘suspicious’ activation • Error ( - Related) Negativity

  27. EVALUATIVE CONTROL ERN – INDEX FOR ERROR/CONFLICT MONITORING E P O S • ERN is robust, observed many times • Mainstream interpretation: error/conflict monitoring • on error trials, the activated response conflicts with the response that should have been given • the ERN source, according to both fMRI and ERP source-localization studies, is caudal ACC • caudal ACC – the seat of both conflict monitoring and response suppression ? • both evaluative and executive control ?

  28. N2 ERN THE ROLE OF CAUDAL ACC EVALUATIVE AND / OR EXECUTIVE CONTROL E P O S • Nieuwenhuis et al. (in prep) -- Go/NoGo task

  29. -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 0 200 400 600 -10 80% NoGo -5 0 5 Correct Go 10 Correct rejections 15 THE ROLE OF CAUDAL ACC EVALUATIVE AND / OR EXECUTIVE CONTROL E P O S • Nieuwenhuis et al. (in prep) -- Go/NoGo task CSD Difference Maps Stimulus-locked ERPs 20% NoGo µV µV 20 0 200 400 600

  30. THE ROLE OF CAUDAL ACC EVALUATIVE AND / OR EXECUTIVE CONTROL E P O S • Results of Nieuwenhuis et al. (in prep) were confirmed : • fMRI study by Braver et al. (Cerebral Cortex, 2001) : • caudal ACC is active in conditions in which the anticipated response conflicts with the actually required response • caudal ACC activity does not depend on inhibitory demands • ERP study by van Veen et al. ( J.Cogn.Neuroscience, in press) : • caudal ACC is active during error trials • caudal ACC is active during correct conflict trials • So, N2 probably does not reflect response suppression, but conflict monitoring • Response suppression more likely involves DL-PFC • (for review refer to Band & vBoxtel, Acta Psychol, 1999)

  31. PE Pz ERP TO ERRORS ERP TO NON-ERRORS DIFFERENCE ERP ERROR MONITORING / AWARENESS ERN VERSUS PE E P O S • Brain activity related to the awareness of • erroneous responses • (partially) erroneous activation • conflicting activation • ‘suspicious’ activation • Error ( - Related) Positivity, located in rostral ACC R

  32. ERROR MONITORING / AWARENESS ERN VERSUS PE E P O S • Antisaccade task (Nieuwenhuis et al., Psychohysiology, 2001)

  33. ERROR MONITORING / AWARENESS ERN VERSUS PE E P O S • Antisaccade task (Nieuwenhuis et al. (Psychohysiology, 2001) • Elicits many (reflexive saccade) errors • Subjects indicated whether they thought they had made an erroneous eye movement (i.e., a reflexive saccade towards the cue) • Trials in which subjects were aware of their error showed a representative ERN as well as a PE • Trials in which subjects were not aware of their error showed a full - size ERN but hardly any PE • So, ERN and PE can be dissociated • PE is somehow related to the recognition of the fact that an error was made ( . . . awareness ? )

  34. ERROR MONITORING / AWARENESS ERN VERSUS PE E P O S • Effects of alcohol (Ridderinkhof et al., in prep) • Effects of alcohol on performance & EEG measures in an Eriksen flanker task • Results: • at placebo, subjects showed representative ERN as well as PE • in the alcohol conditions, subjects showed a full - sized ERN , and a clearly attenuated PE • Conclusion: • Alcohol does not affect error / conflict monitoring • Alcohol does affect error awareness

  35. CONCLUSIONS E P O S • Combining and integrating distributional, ERP, and fMRI techniques can inform us about evaluative and executive control processes • activation, monitoring, and suppression of actions in conflict tasks • Geniet, maar drink met mate

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