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CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY

CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY. From Trail of Tears to Civil War 1840s Golden Age of Indian History in Oklahoma White Man thought as Great American Desert Four Forts of the Forties. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY. Missionaries Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian

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CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY

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  1. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • From Trail of Tears to Civil War • 1840s • Golden Age of Indian History in Oklahoma • White Man thought as Great American Desert • Four Forts of the Forties

  2. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Missionaries • Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian Samuel Worcester and Sequoyah Schools • Paid for by the Tribe • Run by the Church • Reputation • Towns • Governments

  3. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • 1848 • Gold Rush in California • California Road • Mexican-American War • Texas Road US Highway 69

  4. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • 1854 • Discuss creation of state of “Neosho” • CIVIL WAR gets in the way of statehood

  5. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • CIVIL WAR • Sides: • North; United States of America; Union; Blue; Yankees • South; Confederate States of America; Confederacy; Grey; Rebels • Causes: Slavery Economics States Rights Tariffs

  6. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY 1854 Kansas –Nebraska Act • Bleeding Kansas • Republican Party • 1856—Presidential election Lincoln is nominee and says, “first thing I will do when elected President is abolish slavery”

  7. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Lincoln loses but is elected in Nov. of 1860 • 1860 • South Carolina secedes and is closely followed by others. • March of 1861

  8. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Lincoln’s inaugural address • “House Divided” • Confederate States of America is created • Jefferson Davis is President • Other states join Confederacy • Robert E. Lee is selected to serve • Commanding General of Confederate Forces • April of 61

  9. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Davis and Lee meet • How can we win? • Must have Indian Territory with us • Why? • Provides men, horses, salt, lead, food, outlet to West and protect Texas. Hire Albert Pike to convince 5 tribes to join Confederacy • How? • South will take over treaty responsibilities of the North; have same history and culture; can have homes back after war; only fight in IT.

  10. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Hire Albert Pike to convince 5 tribes to join Confederacy • How? • South will take over treaty responsibilities of the North; have same history and culture; can have homes back after war; only fight in IT.

  11. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • 1861 (May and June) • Pike goes to IT • Cherokee: John Ross says no • Surrounded by Union and location of Ft. Gibson • Few Cherokees had slaves • Treaty Party was closer to Confederacy • Creeks: Opothleyahola says no • “Civil War is White Man’s War” • Indians should remain neutral

  12. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Pike is 0 for 2 and rides south to meet with Choctaws • Is stopped by Roley McIntosh and Motey Kenard (lower Creeks) • They will sign Treaty. • Pike now 1 for 2. • June: Choctaws and Chickasaws have already joined South

  13. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Indian Territory alliances are in trouble without Cherokee. • 1861—August • Battle of Wilson’s Creek • Southwest Missouri • Major Confederate Victory • Union leaves Ft. Gibson to help at WC • South renames Ft. Davis • After Confederate Victory, Cherokees are surrounded by Confederates • Cherokees join Confederacy

  14. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • What about the neutral Creeks? • Opothleyahola invites neutrals from all tribes to join him on his land north of Okmulgee. • @ 3000 neutrals arrive

  15. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Douglas Cooper is commander of Confederate Forces in Indian Territory • Believes that Tribes have agreed that 15 year old males will join Confederate Army. • When they are with Opo, Cooper feels that they are AWOL.

  16. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Sept. 1861---Cooper visits Opo and tells him that young men are to report for duty with Conf. army at Ft. Washita. • Very few arrive by end of October, so Cooper goes to get them • No one is at Opo’s home, they have headed to Kansas • Cooper goes after them with an army of 1,000. • This begins the “LITTLE CIVIL WAR”

  17. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • BATTLE OF ROUND MOUNTAIN • Cooper finds Neutrals at Round Mountain • Where Cimarron flows in to the Arkansas River • November 19, 1861. • Cooper orders men to fire into the air. • Attempted intimidation to get young men to see that Cooper is serious, Cooper backs off to Ft. Washita to await neutrals arrival • Don’t Show.

  18. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Cooper’s search goes to Tulsa • BATTLE OF BIRD CREEK (Caving Banks) • Dec. 9, 1861 • Location • Woodland Hills Mall • Tulsa Union High • US 169 and South 71st. • Cooper advances and backs off 3 times forcing • Neutrals to use much of their ammo. • @1000 neutrals die and or injured. • Neutrals use their food and medicine and head North for protection from the Union

  19. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • BATTLE OF CHUSTENAHLAH • Dec. 26, 1861 • North on US 169 15 miles • South of Owasso • Cooper attacks 3 times again. • Is ordered to attack a 4th time, but does not • Stand Watie does. • Of 3000 Neutrals, less than 100 survive and most are sick or injured.

  20. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • South takes no prisoners, “let em go and die” • @50 Neutrals reach Ft. Scott in Kansas. • Opo asks North to get even with the South for what they had done to his people.

  21. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • New Years, 1862 • High water mark for South during CW • Lincoln wants answers • Union changes military leaders and new plan • ANACONDA

  22. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Anaconda • The Union will take control of Miss. River • Divide and Conquer • Surround like a snake and choke • Effects on Indian Territory • Winfield Scott

  23. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Winfield Scott • Union commander at Ft. Scott • Ordered to gain control of Ark River to Miss River by winter of 1862. • Feb of 62 leaves Ft. Scott with 5000 men • Goes to Missouri

  24. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Why? • South gets to decide when to stop invasion of Yankees. • Battle of Pea Ridge • March 1862 • North Arkansas • Large cleared field • South has 10000 men so they want to fight in the open • 2 weeks of fighting

  25. CIVIL WAR VIDEO

  26. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Union Victory • Exploding cannon balls • South gets reinforcements from Ft. Davis; • Indians fight in Arkansas • Don’t handle losing very well • Jesse James • Stand Watie • TURNING POINT OF WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Not another Confederate victory during War in IT

  27. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Indian Expedition • June 1862 • Union invasion of IT to payback South for Opo • James Blunt is commander of Union invasion force • 2 pronged attack so that Watie cant stop. • Battle of Locust Grove • Guerilla Warfare • Union advances to take Tahlequah from South • Arrest John Ross and take to Philadelphia

  28. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Watie declares self to be Chief of Cherokee • Union marches on to take Ft. Davis and rename Ft. Blunt • Dog doesn’t know what to do when he catches the car. • Nov. 62 ---Union leaves Indian Territory. • New Years 1863

  29. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • New Years 1863 • Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln abolishes slavery in South • Weaken southern army, strengthen union army • Cowskin Prairie Council • Feb. 63

  30. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Cowskin Prairie Council • Feb. 63 • Union Cherokees • Denounce Confederate Treaties • Denounce Stand Watie as chief. • Abolish slavery in Cherokee Nation • Union returns to control Ft. Gibson and Indian Territory • Never surrender control despite efforts of South • BATTLE OF HONEY SPRINGS • July 63 • Control of Ft. Gibson and Indian Territory

  31. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Union wins so nothing changes (militarily) • Social Change • First Kansas Colored Infantry • Actions at Battle • End of War • April 1865—Lee surrenders to Grant • June of 65—Watie becomes last Confederate General to surrender. • July 65—Choctaws surrender • August 65—Camp Napoleon Council

  32. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • August 65—Camp Napoleon Council • All tribes of Indian Territory send 1 rep • Verden, Oklahoma • Indians Unite as 1 so White Man will not take land. Good Luck • Union Won – They get to choose how to end war

  33. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • Reconstruction—Union plan to reunite Nation • In Indian Territory: Reconstruction Treaties • Each tribe must • 1. abolish slavery • 2. allow “Freedmen” into tribe • 3. let the Railroads have land free • 4. surrender western lands

  34. CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY • a) Union gives Western Land to Plains Indians • Reconstruction Treaty with Choctaws • Allen Wright • Oklahoma

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