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Chapter 22 Part 3

Chapter 22 Part 3. The Industrial Revolution. On the Continent. Continental Europe began to industrialize after 1815…the final defeat of Napoleon In the 1780’s parts of the continent were not too far behind Britain Some regions had thriving cottage industries

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Chapter 22 Part 3

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  1. Chapter 22Part 3 The Industrial Revolution

  2. On the Continent • Continental Europe began to industrialize after 1815…the final defeat of Napoleon • In the 1780’s parts of the continent were not too far behind Britain • Some regions had thriving cottage industries • Some British manufacturing techniques were copied by certain Continental countries

  3. The Napoleonic Wars • Interfered with Continental industrial development • Wars disrupted trade, created runaway inflation, and reduced consumer demand • Continental access to British machinery and technology was reduced by the Continental System

  4. By 1815 • British technology was too far advanced for most continental engineers and skilled technicians to understand • The technology of steam power was expensive and required vast amounts of capital • Wars caused a shortage of factory workers • Landowners and government officials did little to encourage industrial growth

  5. After 1815 • The Continent began to catch up • They studied Britain’s costly mistakes and avoided them

  6. Each country was different • Began in the second decade of the 19th century: Belgium, Holland, France and the U.S. • Began in the mid-19th century: Germany, Austria, Italy • Began at the end of the 19th century: Eastern Europe and Russia

  7. Other Countries • Borrowed British technology • Hired British engineers • Gained British capital • They used the power of strong sovereign central governments and banking systems to promote native industries

  8. Belgium • In the 1830’s pioneered the organization of big corporations with many stockholders • Banks used money to develop industries and gave rise to Industrial Banks

  9. Banks in Germany and France • 1850’s involved in developing railroads and companies involved in heavy industries • Credit Moblier of Paris was the most famous industrial Bank • Built railroads in France, Europe and (Remember the Grant scandals?)...the U.S.

  10. Britain tried and failed • To maintain a monopoly on technical advances • Until 1825 it was illegal for artisans and skilled mechanics to leave Britain! • Until 1843 it was illegal to export textile machinery and equipment • But many emigrated illegally, memorized plans for machinery and took it elsewhere

  11. Tariffs • Were used by continental countries to protect their native industries • France enacted high tariffs on British imports • It had been flooded by inexpensive and superior British goods

  12. The Zollverein 1834 • Was a German Tariff used to encourage investment in German industry • It also established a free trade zone among member states (in the German Confederation) and a single uniform tariff was levied against foreign countries • NOTE: This was a Prussian economic organization that left Austria out

  13. The Result • Increased production and availability of manufactured goods on the continent

  14. The Industrial Revolution’s Impact on Society • A new social order replaced the traditional social hierarchy • The Proletariat: a new class of factory workers • The Bourgeoisie: Two levels emerged: • Upper Bourgeoisie: great bankers, merchants, industrialists who demanded free enterprise and high tariffs • The Petite Bourgeoisie: small industrialists, merchants, professionals who demanded security and stability from the government

  15. New Opportunities • Artisans and skilled workers who were talented were in great demand and could achieve significant success • Certain ethnic and religious groups became successful: • Quakers and Scots in England • Protestants and Jews dominated banking in France

  16. As factories grew larger • Opportunities for advancement declined in well-developed industries • Capital-intensive industry made it harder for skilled artisans to become wealthy manufacturers • Formal education became even more importantas a means of social advancement BUT cost of the education was often prohibitive

  17. Also • In England and Germany by 1860 leading industrialists were more likely to have inherited their businesses

  18. Proletariat Wage Earners • During the first century of the industrial revolution a surplus of labor resulted in poor conditions for workers • Few holidays • Often 14-hour work days • Conditions were brutal and unsafe • Low wages…especially for women and children

  19. Poorhouses • Provided work for those who were unemployed • Beatings and ill treatment • Major goal of the poorhouses was to persuade workers to leave the poorhouse and find work elsewhere

  20. Friedrich Engles 1820-1895 • 1844 The Condition of the Working Class in England • Blamed the middle class for exploiting the proletariat • Will later become a revolutionary and collaborated with Karl Marx

  21. Marx • Had similar ideas about the middle class exploiting the proletariat: • “I charge the English middle classes with mass murder, wholesale robbery, and all the other crimes in the calendar.” • Later…socialism • NOTE: Marx called the French Revolution inevitable

  22. A struggle between labor and capital • Resulted from issues of working conditions, wages, quality of life • BUT the long-term impact of the Industrial Revolution was more favorable than negative

  23. Material prosperity increased • Because cheaper high-quality goods were available • Increased consumption led to increased numbers of jobs

  24. Wages (in England) • 1790-1820: wages up only 5% • 1820-1850: real wages and consumption up 50% • Skilled British workers earned twice that of unskilled workers in agriculture • BUT the average work week increased

  25. Workers • Ate better and quality and quantity of clothing improved • Housing was worse than cottage industry times • Only AFTER 1850 did workers share in the wealth produced in the Industrial Revolution in Continental Europe 2-3 decades earlier for English

  26. The Luddites (Northern England) • A violent group of irate workers who blamed industrialism for threatening their jobs • Beginning in 1812 attacked factories in northern England and destroyed new machinery that they believed was putting them out of work

  27. The Union Movement • Factory owners DID try to block unions • BUT leaders emerged to organize groups of workers to resist exploitation of business owners

  28. Parliament’s Response • Combination Acts 1799: • Parliament prohibited labor unions • Was a reaction inspired by fear of something like the French Revolution occurring in England • Combination Acts were ignored by most workers • They were repealed in 1824 and unions became a fact of life by 1825 (were tolerated)

  29. Robert Owen 1771-1858 • 1834 Created the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union • Was a Scottish industrialist who pioneered industrial relations by combining firm discipline with a real concern for the health, safety, work hours of the workers…efforts eventually failed • He also established a school for his workers’ children at his own expense

  30. Some experimented • With utopian communities • First “union” concessions went to craft unions who won benefits for their members through fairly conservative means

  31. The Chartists • Wanted to gain labor concessions through political democracy • Demanded universal male suffrage

  32. Most Unions • Worked for a 10-hour day • AND the repeal of the Corn Laws • Eventually better wages and hours and conditions due to: • Union action • General Prosperity • Social conscience

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