I. Challenges to Latin American States After Independence II. Latin America, 1875–1914

1. I. Challenges to Latin American States After Independence II. Latin America, 1875–1914 III. The United States

2. I. Challenges to Latin American States After Independence • Creoles • peninsulares • caudillos • mestizos • A. Economic Developments • raw materials: sugar, coffee, tobacco • B. Mexico • General Antonio López de Santa Anna • 1833, elected president • defeat at Alamo • War with U.S., 1846–1848 • New Mexico, Arizona sold to U.S. • Benito Juárez (1806–1872) • Porfirio Díaz (1830–1915) • president 1877–1880, 1884–1911

3. I. Challenges to Latin American States After Independence • C. Argentina • estancias • Juan Manuel de Rosas • caudillo • controls politics, 1829–1852 • governor of Buenos Aires province • Justo José de Urquiza and unitarios • coup • 1853, Constitution adopted • Domingo Sarmiento • president, 1868–1874 • General Julio Roca • “Conquest of the Desert” • against Indian tribes • European immigration encouraged

4. I. Challenges to Latin American States After Independence • D. Brazil • Pedro I (1822–1831) • Slavery • fazendas—sugar plantations • Pedro II seeks to end slavery • 1871—slowly abolished • E. Other Latin American Nations • Bolivia • repeated revolutions • Gran Columbia • 1830, dissolved: • Columbia • Venezuela • Paraguay • Uruguay

5. II. Latin America, 1875–1914 • A. Limited Political and Economic Reform • Women’s suffrage • 1920s, 1930s • Monocultures • Sugar: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic • Wool, beef, wheat: Uruguay, Argentina • Tin: Bolivia • Rubber, coffee, sugar: Brazil

6. C.Argentina • 1912, electoral reforms • 1930, depression • > military coup • D. Brazil • overproduction of coffee • > prices fall • II. Latin America, 1875–1914 • B. Mexico • Porfirio íaz (1830–1915) • Francisco Madero (1873–1913) • 1910, Plan of San Luis Potosi • > rebellion • Emiliano Zapata (c. 1877–1923) • Francisco “Pancho” Villa • Pascal Orozco • 1911, Madero into Mexico • elected president • 1913, assassinated • > renewed conflict • Zapata v. Venustiano Carranza (1859– 1920) • and Álvero Obregón • 1919, Zapata assassinated • 1923, Villa assassinated • Lazaro Cárdenas • president, 1934–1940 • 44 million acres to peasants

7. III. The United States • A. Free Land and Unfree People • Issues: Native American lands, slavery • B. Democratic Advances • influence of frontier • Andrew Jackson • opening of society • Trail of Tears, 1838–1839 • Louisiana Territory, 1803 • “Manifest Destiny” • Oregon Territory, 1846 • Texas, 1845 • Missouri Compromise • C. The Civil War and Its Results • 1861, Fort Sumter • 1865, Lee surrenders • Reconstruction (1865–1877) • Legal limitations on African Americans

8. III. The United States • D. Industrialization, Abuse, and Reform • Boss Tweed • Jay Gould • Jim Fisk • Progressive Reform, 1890–1914 • Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 • Theodore Roosevelt, 1901–1909 • Woodrow Wilson • “New Freedom” • Federal Reserve Act, 1913 • Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914 • Federal Trade Commission, 1914 • E. U.S. Foreign Policy • 1844, treaty with China • 1853, Commodore Perry to Japan • 1867, Alaska purchased from Russia • China, Open Door policy

9. III. The United States • F. Growing Involvement with Latin America • Monroe Doctrine, 1823 • “Dollar Diplomacy” • Roosevelt • American investment from • $1.6 million to $304 million • Spanish-American War • Maine destroyed in Havana’s harbor • U.S. victory • 1901, Platt Amendment • restrictions on Cuban independence • Panama • 1870s: Ferdinand de Lesseps • collapses, 1893 • 1901: U.S. wins rights to canal • > 1903 Republic of Panama • 1914: Canal opens • Roosevelt Corollary of 1904