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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Learn about the characteristics, functions, and types of tissues in the central nervous system (CNS), along with the sensory and somatic nervous cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Discover how the autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous system, and reflex arcs work.

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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  1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BY KARLA DEHARO CRISTAL MARTINEZ MAXIMILIANO NINO

  2. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • Brain and spinal cord • Send/receive information along with PNS

  3. CNS CHARACTERISTICS • Encased in bone, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid • Brain receives/sends information • Encased in cranium • Spinal cord made up of spinal nerves • nerve impulses & spinal reflexes • Encased in vertebra

  4. TYPES OF TISSUE IN CNS • White matter • Myelinated nerve fibers & nerve tracts • Gray matter • Interneurons that pass information to skeletal muscle

  5. PNS CHARACTERISTICS • Sensory and somatic nervous cells • Sends and receives information from CNS • Consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord

  6. Autonomic Nervous System • Part of the PNS • Located in medulla oblangata • Control visceral functions • Three parts • Parasympathetic NS • Sympathetic NS • Intrinsic NS

  7. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM • Motor and sensory information • Voluntary control of body movement • Skeletal muscle

  8. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTINUED… • Involuntary body functions • Sympathetic & parasympathetic systems

  9. Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Sympathetic (thoracolumbar Division) Parasympathetic (Craniosacral Division) Prepares the body for energy-expending, stressful, or emergency situations. Increases Heart and Breathing Rates Responsible for vasomotor tone More active under ordinary and restful situations Restores the body to resting state

  10. Sympathetic Vs. Parasympathetic (Organs) Sympathetic Parasympathetic Eyes Heart Lungs Blood Vessels Sweat Glands Digestive Tract Kidney Cardiac Muscle (Frequency of contraction) Digestive System (Salivary Glands) Respiratory System: (Blood Vessels, Lymphatic Vessels, and Nerves)

  11. Sympathetic Preganglionic fibers • Secrete acetylcholine (adrenergic) • Originate from neurons within the lateral horn of spinal cord • What is Ganglia?: • Sympathetic chain ganglia:(Paravertebral ganglia or Lateral Ganglia) lies on both sides of the vertebral column • Collateral ganglia: (Prevertebral ganglia) anterior to vertebral column

  12. Sympathetic Continued…. Postganglionic Fibers • Extend sympathetic ganglia to visceral • Postganglionic Axons

  13. What is Rami? • Rami: (Ramus) • Def: A branch, as of nerve, vein, artery Symapthetic Division (consists 2) • White Rami:(preganglionic) nerve branch between symapthetic ganglion and spinal nerve • Gray Rami: (postganglionic) connects sympathetic trunk and consists postganglionic fibers

  14. Parasympathetic • Includes Parasympathetic Fibers Pregangolic Fibers (Long) • Secrete acetylcholine (cholinergic) • Arise from Neurons • Terminal Ganglia

  15. Parasympathetic Continued…. Postgangolic Fibers (Short) • Continue from ganglia to specific muscles or glands • Unmyelinated • Neurotransmitters combine receptors

  16. Neurotransmitters / Receptors (Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic) • Sympathetic: • Norepinephrine :travels across the synaptic cleft • Adrenergic (receptor) • Alpha 1&2 • Beta 1&2 • Epinephrine: stimulates Parasympathetic: • Acetylcholine (ACh) : •  Cholinergic (receptor) • Nicotinic • Muscarinic

  17. REFLEX ARCS • Pathways for impulses • Autonomic Nervous System operates through reflex arcs. • Visceral Sensory System. • Gives sensory input to ANS. • Visceral sensory neurons. • monitor temperature, pain, irritation, chemical changes, and stretch in the visceral organs.

  18. VISCERAL REFLEX ARCS • Visceral sensory and Autonomic neurons • spinal reflexes. • Some involve peripheral neurons: spinal cord not involved. • adjust the activity of a visceral effector, often unconsciously.

  19. Termination • Terminating actions of autonomic neurotransmitters • Acetylcholinesterase (parasympathetic) • Norepinephrine (Sympathetic) • Enzyme monoamine oxidase inactivates noreoinephrine

  20. WORKS CITED • "What Is the Autonomic Nervous System?" About.com Psychology. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://psychology.about.com/od/aindex/g/autonomic-nervous- system.htm> • "Peripheral Nervous System Anatomy ." Peripheral Nervous System Anatomy. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2014. <http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948687-overview> • THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. O.W. Henson, Jr., Ph.D., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014. <http://www.csus.edu/indiv/l/lancasterw/bio122/supple mentary%20materials/autonomic%20synopsis.htm>. • Hole, John W., Jr. Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology. 11th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2007. Print. • Inkling.com. N.p., 2009. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. <https://www.inkling.com/read/medical-sciences-naish- revest-syndercombe-1st/chapter-4/neurotransmitters-and- receptors>.

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