FEATS Project Tanzania: Draft Terms of Reference for Second Phase Research Study

1. FEATS Project Tanzania: Draft Terms of Reference for Second Phase Research Study Regional Trade in Agriculture: Performance of and Prospects for Tanzania with a Focus on Food Security and Rural Livelihoods By Rashid S. Kaukab Deputy Director and Research Coordinator, CUTS Geneva Resource Centre rsk@cuts.org www.cuts-grc.org

2. Background • Findings of phase one study affirm the importance of agriculture in Tanzanian economy • Agriculture sector contributes substantially to GDP, provides bulk of employment, foreign exchange earnings and export diversification efforts focused in agriculture • Yet, rural areas have high poverty rates and substantial informal sector employment • Livelihood and employment concerns must be included in development of the agricultural sector • Criteria for topic • Within “trade in agriculture”; important for livelihoods and employment; and an area where further research and analysis can add real value • Feedback from Tanzania National Reference Group • Desire a topic in agriculture within the context of larger development constraints of Tanzania (rural poverty, livelihoods, etc.) • This study will provide valuable insight for future actions based on the analysis of the past and current patterns of regional trade in agriculture and their impact on food security and rural livelihoods in Tanzania.

3. Study Objectives • To collect information on and analyse the recent trends in regional trade in agriculture in the region, and on food security and rural livelihoods in Tanzania; • To identify and quantify the volume and composition of informal trade in agriculture products between Tanzania and its regional trading partners; • Examine the relationship between regional trade in agriculture and food security and rural livelihoods • Generate new insights and knowledge that carry practical implications • To contribute to finding national and regional policies that can harness regional trade in agriculture to improve food security and rural livelihoods so as to achieve the objectives of Tanzania Vision 2025 and NSGRP

4. Key Substantive Issues to be covered • Tanzanian participation in regional trade in agriculture including both the imports into and exports from Tanzania to its regional trading partner countries; • Informal regional trade in agriculture including its magnitude and composition as well as main factors determining these; • Main issues and concerns related to food security and rural livelihoods in Tanzania; • Role and impact of multilateral (WTO) and regional agreements (EAC , SADC as well as EPA) on volume and composition of regional trade in agriculture, and food security and rural livelihoods in Tanzania; • National policies related to agriculture, trade, and regional integration; • Linkages and relationships among various issues with focus on identifying areas for synergetic action; and • Development of a framework to leverage regional trade in agriculture to improve food security and rural livelihoods in Tanzania.

5. Methodology • Principles • Pooling of knowledge and expertise on regional trade, trade in agriculture, food security, and rural livelihoods; • Cross-fertilization of ideas and experiences during the study process through involvement of national and international experts; • Facilitation of buy-in of the research and its findings by the relevant stakeholders in the country by involving them through TNRG and meetings etc. • Plan • Literature search to expand and annotate research questions; • Data collection, fact finding and testing of hypotheses through TNRG consultations, other meetings, on-line collaboration with national, regional and international experts and partners, and targeted surveys; • Consultation with the Project Advisory Committee; • Presentation of draft findings to another National Stakeholders Dialogue for validation and finalization.

6. Detailed Draft ToR of the StudyOrganization of Sections • Introduction • Analysis • Recommendations

7. Detailed Draft ToR of the StudyIntroduction • Brief economic, trade and social profile of agriculture sector: trend in total and main crop-wise production, agricultural exports and imports, formal and informal employment in agriculture, rural poverty, and rural livelihoods (annual time series for last ten years or so) • Trends in regional trade in agriculture: volume and composition of agricultural imports into and exports from Tanzania to its regional trading partners (annual time series for last ten years or so) • Trends in food security and rural livelihoods in Tanzania: evolution and key developments in the last ten years or so • Policy framework: key features of Tanzanian development, trade, agriculture and regional integration policies and their linkages

8. Detailed Draft ToR of the StudyAnalysis A. ) Regional trade in agriculture • What are the main factors that contribute to or hinder regional trade in agriculture? • How much of regional agriculture trade involving Tanzania is through informal means? What are the key factors that encourage such trade? • What is the relationship, if any, between flows of formal and informal regional trade in agriculture involving Tanzania? B.) Food security and rural livelihoods • What are the key elements of food security situation in Tanzania? What are the main factors responsible for the current food security situation? • What have been the key developments regarding the improvements or otherwise of rural livelihoods? How are the food security and rural livelihoods conditions related?

9. Detailed Draft ToR of the StudyAnalysis (cont…) C.) National, regional and international policy dimensions, and the role of stakeholders • What are the key features of national policies related to agriculture, trade and regional integration? How do they take into account food security and rural livelihoods concerns? • What is the impact of regional (e.g., EAC, SADC) and international (under the WTO) rights and obligations on national policies on trade, agriculture and regional integration? How do these regional and international commitments impact on food security and rural livelihoods? • Who are the main domestic stakeholders in relation to policy formulation and implementation on agriculture, trade, and regional integration issues? What is the level of their respective capacities and involvement in relevant policy making and implementation? • What is the role of external stakeholders, e.g., governments of regional trading partner countries, relevant REC institutions, and international donors?

10. Detailed Draft ToR of the StudyAnalysis (cont…) • D.) Synthesis of linkages • What are the existing positive and negative linkages between regional trade in agriculture one the one hand, and food security and rural livelihoods in Tanzania on the other? How well are these linkages understood? How can the understanding of these linkages be improved among policy makers and relevant stakeholders? • How do the relevant policies (e.g., related to agriculture, trade, and regional integration) take these linkages into account? What are the gaps? • What are the positive and negative impacts of regional and international commitments under the relevant trade agreements on food security and rural livelihoods in Tanzania? • How can the positive linkages be strengthened and negative linkages addressed? What can be a holistic framework for comprehensive analysis and coherent responses to leverage Tanzanian participation in regional trade in agriculture – both formal and informal - to improve its food security and rural livelihoods? • What are the main capacity building needs in this regard?

11. Detailed Draft ToR of the StudyRecommendations • Recommendations to the government of Tanzania • Recommendations to the regional partners, e.g., governments of regional trading partner countries, relevant REC institutions, other regional stakeholders • Recommendations to the CSOs, particularly farmers and rural development organizations • Recommendations to the private sector

12. Timeline Research Advocacy Networking Sept. 2009: June 2010: Sept. 2010: Oct.-Dec. 2010: Jan. – March 2011: Detailed ToR to be finalized First draft shared with PAC and peers for review Revised draft research studies ready Present draft to National Dialogues in all project countries Share research results at international conference in Geneva

13. Thank You. Looking Forward to Your Comments and Suggestions to Finalize the ToR.