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Changing Demographics in the U. S. and the Multicultural Education Implications

Changing Demographics in the U. S. and the Multicultural Education Implications. Philip C. Chinn Professor Emeritus California State University, Los Angeles Multicultural Center Minnesota State University, Mankato November 15, 2012. 1912 vs. 2012.

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Changing Demographics in the U. S. and the Multicultural Education Implications

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  1. Changing Demographics in the U. S. and the Multicultural Education Implications Philip C. ChinnProfessor EmeritusCalifornia State University, Los AngelesMulticultural CenterMinnesota State University, MankatoNovember 15, 2012

  2. 1912 vs. 2012 1912 20122050 Projected • Population 95,335,000 314,159,265 439,010,000 • MN Population 2,075,708 5,344,861 7,609,503 • CA Population 2,377,000 37,700,000 59,507,000 • Ave. Income $1,033 year $50,054 (family of four) • Life Expectancy 47 (Men) 75.96 83 to 86 • Homes with phone 8% 19% third graders cell phones • States allowing medical marijuana 0 19 • States allowing gay marriage 0 9* • Women in Congress 0 97 • *Plus D.C., two American Indian tribes. Maryland and Rhode Island recognize same sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions. California on a conditional basis.

  3. 2012Elections- First Hindu in Congress, First Openly Gay U.S. Senator, First Buddhist and Asian Female in Senate, First Vietnamese American U.S. Mayor

  4. Part IImmigration and Fertility

  5. 19th Century through Mid 20th Century Immigrants mostly from Europe 21st Century More diverse Immigrants primarily from Latin America Asia U. S. IN THE …

  6. Immigrants By 2050, 19% or one in five Americans an immigrant, compared to one in eight (12%) in 2005.

  7. California & border states with Latinos & Asians GATEWAY CITIES Primarily New York 1800’s thru early1900’s NewYork

  8. POPULATION GROWTH U.S. population increases by 2.5 million annually immigration 1 million 80% non-white 70 % Latinos & Asians birth rate 4 million death rate 2.5 million net 1.5 million

  9. U. S. Foreign Born by Place of Birth 2010

  10. Minnesota’s Immigrant Population • 43.8% entered 2000 or later • Foreign born origins MinnesotaU.S • Africa 20.2 % 4.5% (including Oceania) • Asia 37.2 % 28.2% • Europe 11.1 % 12.1% • Latin America 27.4% 53.1% • Northern America 3.6% 2.0% • Oceania 0.5 %

  11. Foreign Born Americans • 2010, 39,956,000 million foreign-born in U. S. • Foreign born 12.9% of population • Naturalized Citizens 17,476,000 • Noncitizen 22,490,000 • 56.49% of foreign born live in: • California (10,024,000) • New York (4,206,000) • Florida (3,441,000) • Texas (3,829,000) • Examples of state increases: • Nevada 105,000 to 498,000 1990-2010 • North Carolina, 115,000 to 630,000 1990-2010 • Minnesota113,039 to 378,483 1990-2010* *In 2010, 7.1 percent of Minnesota's total population were immigrants, compared to 5.3 percent in 2000 and 2.6 percent in 1990. U. S. Census Bureau, 2010 American Community Survey

  12. MN’s Leading Countries of Foreign Birth 1990 2010 Mexico 17.4% India 6.2% Vietnam 5.2% • Laos 12.7% • Canada 9% • Germany 7%

  13. Undocumented Immigrants • Estimated 11,800,000 undocumented in 2008, increase from 8,460,000 in 2005. • 11,600,000 in 2010 and 11,500,000 in 2012 • Net immigration from Mexico zero or reversed* • 95,000 Minnesota 2009** U. S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics, 2008, 2012 * Pew Research Center, Passel,J., Cohn, D., and Gonzolez-Barrera, A., May 2012 **Pew Hispanic Center

  14. FERTILITY RATE SIGNIFICANCE • To maintain the status quo, 2.1 children per woman • One child each to replace the mother and father. • .1 children to provide for infant mortality

  15. FERTILITY IN THE U. S. U. S. among highest fertility rates in the industrialized world with 1.90 births per woman (2010), compared to 1.4 per woman in Europe. Rates declining since the latest recession.

  16. U. S. Declining Fertility Rate

  17. U. S. Fertility Rate Population Reference Bureau 2012

  18. Part IICensus Findings and Projections

  19. ETHNIC/RACIAL REPRESENTATION IN THE U. S. POPULATION • Historically U. S. population predominantly white (European) American. Whites 80.3% of population 1990, 75.1% 2000, 72.4% 2010. • Annual White percentages decrease, while and Hispanic and Asian increase. 2050, whites projected a U. S. minority (47%). • 50.4 % U.S. population younger than age 1 are minorities as of July 1, 2011

  20. U.S. Population Growth U. S. Census Bureau

  21. 2011 Child Population by Race

  22. U. S. Public School Enrollments 1990-2010

  23. 2010 Census Findings Hispanics moving to less traditional states: • Arkansas (6.6%) • North Carolina (8.6%) • Idaho (11.5%, a 75 percent increase from 2000) • Georgia (9.1%) • Minnesota (4.9%) U. S. Census Bureau

  24. Center of U.S. Population • 2010 Texas County, Mo. • 1950 Richmond County, IL • 1900 Bartholomew County, IN • 1850 Wirt County, WV • 1790 Kent County, MD

  25. Part III A New (2000)Census Category: Blended Americans

  26. Anti-miscegenation Laws Laws criminalizing marriage and intimate relations between races After WWII and by 1950’s states repealed, except in the south Loving v. Virginia (1967) Supreme court declare law unconstitutional. In all former slave owning states plus Oklahoma.

  27. Mixed Marriages • 1980, 6.7% mixed race or ethnicity marriages • 2010, 15% Males Females • Whites 9% no gender difference • Blacks 17% 24% 9% • Hispanics 26% no gender difference • Asians 28% 17% 36% • Increase from 1980, White 2X, Blacks, 3X, Hispanics and Asians no change Passel, J.S., Wang, W., and Taylor, P., Pew Research Center June 4, 2010

  28. Mixed Marriage Findings West 22%, South 14%, Northeast 13%, Midwest, 11% Hawaii leads all states with 42% 43% U. S., a change for the better, 11% for worst, 44% no difference Minorities, younger adults, college-educated most positive attitudes towards mix marriage Passel, J.S., Wang, W., and Taylor, P., Pew Research Center June 4, 2010

  29. Blended Americans • Census Bureau’s new category in 2000: two or more races • 1.6% of 2000 census (4,602,000) • 1.8% of 2010 census (5,499,000) • Demographers “less than actual,” with increase mixed race marriages. • Estimates of as many as 20% by 2050

  30. Bryan Clay- Black, Japanese Dwayne Johnson-Black/Samoan

  31. Jimmy Smits- Dutch, Surinamese, Puerto Rican Mariah Carey-African American, Venezuelan, Irish

  32. Cameron Diaz- Cuban, Cherokee, English, German Keanu Reeves-White, Chinese, Hawaiian

  33. Franklin Ramón Chang-Diaz • Former astronaut • Former Director, Advanced Space Propulsion Lab, Johnson Space Center • Four doctorates • Costa Rican/Chinese

  34. Bill Richardson • Former Governor of New Mexico • Former Energy Secretary, Former U.N. Ambassador • Mexican, white

  35. Mixed Race Children Elodie/Sophie-English, German, Chinese, Algerian, Hawaiian, Welsh, Spanish, French Quinn/Jack-Chinese, Welsh, Hawaiian, Spanish, Cherokee Indian, German, Japanese

  36. Part IVPoverty in the United States

  37. Poverty Concerns • The Economy and Poverty • Poverty and students • Poverty and special education classes

  38. U.S. POVERTY ISSUES • Expectant mothers in poverty less medical coverage and maternity leave • Greater likelihood of “at risk” births • Increased stress due to poverty • Children possible poor nutrition, marginal medical care and cognitive stimulation • Increased environmental risks & hazards (e.g. lead poisoning)

  39. 2010 Children in Poverty 2012 U. S. Poverty Threshold Family of Four: $23,050 28.4% of American Indians and Alaska Natives were in poverty in 2010. SOURCE: U.S. Census, American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month: November 2011 U.S.Census, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010, Report P60, n. 238, Table B-2, pp. 68-73.

  40. Immigrants and Poverty • 19.9% of immigrants compared to 13.5% native born lived in poverty • 43.6% of immigrants, compared to 31.1% of native born, live in or near poverty*. • 59.2% of immigrant children under 18 yrs. live in or near poverty • 34.1% of foreign-born lack health insurance compared to 13.8%of natives. * near-poverty defined as income less than 200 percent of the poverty threshold

  41. Part VReligious Changes

  42. U.S. Congress 2011 • Protestants 56.65% • Catholic 29.20% • Jewish 7.30% • LDS (Mormon) 2.80% 2 Muslims (including Keith Ellison, MN 5th Congressional District) 2 Buddhists 0 No religious preference

  43. Changing Religious Affiliations 1995 Preferences 2010 Preferences (data from the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life 10/9/12) Protestant 58% Roman Catholic 25% Orthodox Catholic 1% Jewish 2% LDS (Mormon) 2% None Given 12%

  44. Implications of Changing Demographics • Population statistics fluid and dynamic, changing continuously with population shifts • In the next two decades we can expect more immigrants, bringing ethnic and religious changes • Immigrants and other groups move into communities seemingly overnight

  45. PREPARING FOR CHANGES Teacher education programs must continue to: • Infuse multicultural education training into their curriculums • Prepare candidates to teach students from diverse backgrounds with appropriate practicum experiences • Help develop religious as well as racial/ethnic sensitivity

  46. SCHOOL DISTRICT RESPONSES To respond to the demographic changes, school districts must : • Continually monitor real and projected demographic changes to anticipate rather than simply react • Expanded facilities and recruit diverse faculty and staff for increasing numbers of diverse students • Develop bilingual or ESL programs • Provide in-service training to help teachers to adjust for differential language, learning and communication styles, and interracial relationships

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