The Divisions of the North and South

1. The Divisions of the North and South GPS #8 GPS #9 GPS #10

2. Georgia Performance Standard SSUSH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion. SSUSH9 The student will identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War. SSUSH10 The student will identify legal, political, and social dimensions of Reconstruction.

3. Essential Question Why did Slavery become a significant issue in politics? Westward Expansion = New territory needs to be settled. After these territories have been settled what becomes the issue? SLAVERY

4. Slavery and Abolitionism • Abolitionists called for the immediate end of slavery. • Abolitionist spoke out against slavery, wrote books, published newspapers • Name three prominent abolitionist……… • Grimke Sisters • Frederick Douglas • William Lloyd Garrison

5. Views on Slavery Many Northerners came to believe slavery violated the basic principals of the US and Christian religion – all humans have the right to choose their own destiny and follow God’s laws Slavery Many Southerners saw slaves as part of one big family of the plantation owners. He took a special interest in their care, necessities of life, and provided shelter. Slavery provided the life blood labor source of the South.

6. Differences Between the Northern States Southern States North and the South By the 1850’s, the North and the South had developed into regions with very different economies, societies and views on slavery.

8. The Grimke Sisters Sarah & Angela Grimke were southern women who spoke out against slavery They grew up on a plantation and personally witnessed the horrors of slavery

9. Frederick DouglasWilliam Lloyd Garrison Frederick Douglass spoke out against the Fugitive Slave Act by emphasizing the requirement that citizens help capture runaways. Worked for Garrison- then started his own newspaper The North Star Published a biography of about himself William Lloyd Garrison-White abolitionist Founded the newspaper The Liberator Printed true stories about the treatment of slaves

10. Eye Witness Account Look at the following eyewitness account. What was Douglass’s point of view about why slaves were whipped?. A mere look, word, or motion… a mistake, accident, or want of power… are all matters for which a slave may be whipped at any time. Does a slave look dissatisfied? It is said, he has the devil in him, and it must be whipped out. Does he forget to pull off his hat at the approach of a white person? Then he is wanting in reverence, and shall be whipped for it.

11. Nat Turner African American preacher believed that God’s mission for him on earth was to free his people Led a slave rebellion in Virginia killing 60 whites He was captured and killed, this led to more restrictive laws against slaves

12. The Missouri Compromise 1820 Missouri applies for statehood – the question rises whether slavery will extend to the western territory In 1819 there are 11 Free States and 11 Slave states – Missouri will make an uneven # Maine – which was once part of Massachusetts also applies for statehood Congress votes that Missouri will be a slave state Maine a free state To keep any further argument over the entry of new states a line was drawn dividing the North and South. The 36/30 latitude line (Mason Dixon Line) was established by the great compromise Henry Clay of Ky.

13. Sectional balance was maintained - with the admission of Missouri and Maine there were 12 free states and 12 slave states. This established a precedent that would be followed for the next 30 years concerning the issue of slavery in the West. The Missouri Compromise- Map

14. Congressman Sectionalists State’s Rights Andrew Jackson’s Vice President In 1824 and 1828 Nullification South Carolina Friends with Henry Clay John C. Calhoun House of Representatives Senate

15. State’s Rights Ideology, John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun of South Carolina wanted to weaken the control of the Federal government over the States. He believed in Nullification and State’s Rights (the State’s authority over the Federal government) Calhoun argued that if the federal government does not allow a state to nullify a law deemed unconstitutional, then that state has the right to secede from the Union.

16. The Nullification Crisis The South relied on manufactured goods from England, since their economy was based on agriculture. Tariffs made the goods very expensive but benefited the North The Tariff of 1828 – the South called it the Tariff of Abominations South Carolina threatened to succeed (withdraw from the US) John C. Calhoun of S.C. was President Andrew Jackson’s Vice President He put forth the idea of Nullification (State’s voiding Federal Law) Jackson was against it

17. The Wilmot Proviso David Wilmot- Democrat- Pennsylvania Representative 1846 – David Wilmot proposed that any territory gained from the War with Mexico that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exists. Who would agree with this? Why? (North/South) Who would disagree? Why? The Senate refused to vote on the bill but it further divided the North and the South

18. Congress failed to settle the issue of slavery in the West, leading to the formation of new political parties Compromise of 1850

19. Fugitive Slave Act • Fugitive Slave Act • accused runaways arrested; sworn testimony by a white witness was all a court needed to send the person south • accused fugitives had no rights to a trial and were not allowed to testify • A person who refused to help capture a fugitive slave could be jailed.

20. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 Kansas How did the violence in Kansas demonstrate that popular sovereignty was a failure? • These two territories would enter the Union based on Popular Sovereignty. • New territories could choose to be free or slave states. • The result was Bleeding Kansas • Armed clashes between northerners (anti-slavery) and southerners (pro-slavery) in Kansas.

22. Tensions leading up to the Civil War . Abolitionism . William Lloyd Garrison . Frederick Douglas . Grimke Sisters . Missouri Compromise of 1820 . Nat Turner’s Rebellion . Nullification Crisis . John C. Calhoun . Sectionalism . State's Rights . Wilmot Proviso . Compromise of 1850 . Kansas Nebraska Act

23. Dred Scott • Scot was taken by his master into the free state of Illinois, and then later, back into the slave state of Missouri • With the help of an abolitionist group Scott sued for freedom (1847), claiming that because he had lived in a free state, he should be free

24. Scott was eventually freed in May 1857, but died nine months later* The case went to the Supreme Court where in 1857, the Court ruled against Scott Because slaves were not citizens of the U.S., Scott could not sue in Federal Court Dred Scott

25. John Brown’s Raid 1859 • A abolitionist who used violence against those supporting slavery • In 1859, he and his followers tried to support a slave uprising in Virginia by seizing an arsenal in Harpers Ferry

26. John Brown’s Raid • The uprising was quickly put down and after a trial, Brown was executed • Brown was viewed by many in the North as a martyr for the anti-slavery movement How do you think Brown was viewed In the South-why?

27. The Election of 1860 • Abraham Lincoln • Republican candidate • Against the SPREAD of slavery • Promised not to stop slavery in the South where it was already practiced. • Said he hoped it would one day END there, too. • No Slavery Beyond This Point Stephen A. Douglas • West should decide for themselves about slavery. • States Choice • John Breckinridge • Democratic candidate popular with southerners • Government should allow slavery everywhere in the West. • Slavery Everywhere

28. Lincoln • “The framers of the Constitution intended slavery to end.” • The problem is that slavery is WRONG!

29. Worried White Southerners • Many in the South were afraid if Lincoln were elected, slavery would be outlawed. • Some even said they would LEAVE the Union if Lincoln was elected. Lincoln In...We're OUT

30. Inaugural Address • Lincoln insisted to southerners that secession was unconstitutional • “No State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union” • Lincoln was bound to enforce the Constitution in every state How do you think the South reacted to Lincoln being elected?

32. The Confederate States of America • South Carolina • Mississippi • Florida • Louisiana • Alabama • Georgia • Texas • Virginia • Arkansas • North Carolina • Tennessee • Lincoln was elected November 6, 1860 • December 20, 1860 South Carolina’s leaders seceded from the Union. President Jefferson Davis

33. Compare the resources of both the Union and Confederacy? North (Union) : Fighting for Reunification of the USA • President: Abraham Lincoln • 22 states • Population = 20 million • 20,000 miles of railroad, continuing to build • $1.5 billion – manufacturing • $207 million – bank deposits South (Confederacy): Fighting for States’ Rights to protect Economic Interests, Secession • President: Jefferson Davis • 11 states • Population = 11 million (9 million whites) • 10,000 miles of railroad, mostly on the border & not in interior as much • $155 million – manufacturing • $47 million – bank deposits

34. North Population Industrial Financial Transportation More effective civilian leadership National Government already in place South Fighting a defensive war Better military leadership Men used to outdoors Superior cavalry Cotton – European dependence Advantages

35. LINCOLN'S "NECESSARY" ACTIONS • Suspended “civil liberties” or parts of the Constitution • writ of habeas corpus: Protects from unfair arrest and trial by jury. • Occupation of Baltimore: Controlled by military---- “martial law” • Arrested over 15,000 civilians: Without “probable cause”---suspicious “Rebel” sympathizers. • Closed “rebel” newspapers: Violated 1st amendment rights of “free speech and press”. • First Income Tax • Greenbacks • 1st paper money minted

36. BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A PROCLAMATION • Whereas, it has become necessary to call into service not only volunteers but also portions of the militia of the States by draft in order to suppress the insurrection existing in the United States, and disloyal persons are not adequately restrained by the ordinary processes of law from hindering this measure and from giving aid and comfort in various ways to the insurrection; • Now, therefore, be it ordered, first, that during the existing insurrection and as a necessary measure for suppressing the same, all Rebels and Insurgents, their aiders and abettors within the United States, and all persons discouraging volunteer enlistments, resisting militia drafts, or guilty of any disloyal practice, affording aid and comfort to Rebels against the authority of United States, shall be subject to martial law and liable to trial and punishment by Courts Martial or Military Commission: • Second. That the Writ of Habeas Corpus is suspended in respect to all persons arrested, or who are now, or hereafter during the rebellion shall be, imprisoned in any fort, camp, arsenal, military prison, or other place of confinement by any military authority of by the sentence of any Court Martial or Military Commission. • In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. • Done at the City of Washington this twenty fourth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, and of the Independence of the United States the 87th. ABRAHAM LINCOLN

37. Fort Sumter • Shots fired at Fort Sumter • Confederate Soldier fired the first shot. Ignore • Some advised Lincoln to “Let the states go” • Others said, “Give in on the slavery question.” • Still others said, “Use the ARMY to end their revolt!” Give In FIGHT

38. Urgent! • Message from Commander Anderson Supplies at the Fort are almost gone. If new supplies are not sent soon, we will be forced to surrender the fort to the Confederacy. Lincoln He wanted to prevent war. “We are not enemies, but friends.” • If I send supplies…Southerners might attack. • If I send troops….Southerners WILL attack. • If I do nothing…the commander will have to surrender.

39. Confederate President Davis • Lincoln decided to send supply ships • And see what the Southerners would do • Davis decided to take over the fort BEFORE the supply ships arrived. • Demanded them to surrender. • NEVER! • The Confederate troops FIRED on the fort, Major Anderson and his men ran out of ammunition and had to give up.

41. OverviewofCivil WarStrategy “Anaconda”Plan

43. The Battle of Antietam September 1862 • Bloodiest single day of the war: • Union: 12,410 casualties, double those of D-Day (June 6, 1944) • Lee lost 10,700 men, 25% of his Army. • Tactical draw, strategic victory – McClellan halted Lee’s invasion. • Enabled Lincoln to announce his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation 5 days later. • Along with the Emancipation Proclamation, prevented Great Britain and France from recognizing the C.S.A. Bloody Lane (Library of Congress)

44. Ulysses S. Grant • Lincoln appointed him General-in-Chief in March 1864. Grant directed Sherman to drive through the South while he himself, with the Army of the Potomac, pinned down Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. • Finally, on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House, Lee surrendered. Grant wrote out magnanimous terms of surrender that would prevent treason trials.

45. Ulysses S. Grant (Union) • Late in the administration of Andrew Johnson, General Ulysses S. Grant quarreled with the President and aligned himself with the Radical Republicans. • He was, as the symbol of Union victory during the Civil War, their logical candidate for President in 1868.

46. Robert E. Lee (Confederate) • Politically, Robert E. Lee was a Whig. Ironically, he was attached strongly to the Union and to the Constitution. He entertained no special sympathy for slavery. • On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at the village of Appomattox Court House.

47. “Stonewall Jackson”(Confederate) Confederate general and right-hand man to Robert E. Lee. Noted for his ability to use geography to his advantage. One of his most brilliant moves came at the battle of Chancellorsville, when he successfully marched his troops over 12 miles undetected and attacked the unsuspecting Union forces. Many believe the South would have won the war had he lived to fight at Gettysburg.

48. William T. Sherman(Union) Union General who gave Savannah to President Lincoln as a Christmas gift Sherman’s March to the Sea Destroyed railways, supplies, livestock from Atlanta to Savannah

49. Jefferson Davis • President of the Confederate States of America • Davis failed to raise sufficient money to fight the American Civil War and could not obtain recognition and help for the Confederacy from foreign governments. • Davis was responsible for the raising of the formidable Confederate armies. • He was also responsible for the notable appointment of General Robert E. Lee as commander of the Army of Virginia.

50. The Civil War • April 15, 1861 – Lincoln asks for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion • Did not go through Congress, no declaration of war • Four slave states now join the Confederacy • Tennessee, Arkansas, Virginia, & North Carolina • Confederacy moves its capital to Richmond VA • Four other states decide to stay in the Union • Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, & Missouri • They will be known as Border States • The western area of Virginia secedes from Virginia & formed the state of West Virginia