ENERGY

1. ENERGY How to maintain our nowaday lifestyle without destroying the environmetn?

2. Howenergy is used in Finland Industry Heating of buildings Traffic Others A big part of the energy used in Finland is consumed when heating buildings because the climate is so cold during the winter.

3. Whatfuels are used for production of electricity and heating? Black liquor Coal Nature gas Peat Wooden fuels Oil Other energy sources Other renewable Other fossil fuels Still nonrenewable sources such as coal and nature gas are important for the electricity production in Finland.

4. Total consumption of energy in Finland 1970-2000 • Water power has been fully developed already for 30 years • The using of wooden fuels and nuclear power has increased over this time Net import of fuel Others Peat Wooden fuels Water power Nuclear power Nature gas Coal Oil

5. Situation open YVA handling Ready for YVA, not permitted In consideration for permission Chosen for permission Legallypermitted BURNING TECHNIQUE • This picture shows where use of waste fuels is in progress in Finland. • YVA is an organisation that studies environ-mental impact assessment. A Grate K Gasification L Fluidized Bed ? Still open

6. ”Fuels of the future” • Bio fuels: ethanol, biodiesel • Waste fuels: forest residues, shells, waste sludges, chicken litter, meat and bone meal… • New mixtures of fuels • The problem with many bio fuels is that they cause corrosion and fouling in the furnaces when burning. Research is going on to eliminate these problems. • Wind power, solar power, district heating • District heating use mostly non renewable fuels today but the plan is to increase the amount of renewable fuels in a near future.

7. Goals for energyconsumption The EU has undertaken to • decrease the discharge of greenhouse gases with 20 % from the 1990 level before 2020. • Increase the share of renewable energy to 20 % in the whole union before 2020. • Finland must assume its responsibility to reach these goals

8. DiscussionSit in groups of 3-5 persons and try to findsomeanswers to the questionsbelow. • What type of energy production do you think Finland should develop/increase that would be the best for our nature in the future? • Would it be possible to use less energy than we do today? • Should we change the lifestyle we have today in some way?

9. BIOFUELS in use or planning to be used in Närpes.

10. Districtheating • is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements such as space heating and water heating. • The heat is often obtained from a cogeneration plant burning fossil fuels but the use of biomass is increasing, although heat-only boiler stations, geothermal heating and central solar heating are also used, as well as nuclear power.

11. Generally, a plant with district heating is considered more efficient than traditional fuel burning systems from an economic and environmental point of view because of - more efficient use of the fuels - less CO2 emissions in total

12. In 2008 a district-heating central, Närpes fjärrvärme, was built in Närpes. • So far investments have been made for 7,4 M€. • 20 km of pipelines have been built for about 100 subscribers in the central parts of Närpes. Närpes fjärrvärmecentral District heating pipes in Närpes

13. The boilers have a total effect of 19,5 MW. For now 16,3 MW is sold. • In 2008 the energy consumption of the boilers was 24 MWh. • Thermal efficiency of the net is 87 %, of the boilers 90-92 %.

14. District heating 2 primary valves, direct heating circuit, DHW Unmixed heating 1 circuit Domestic Hot Water precontrol, 2 pumps, 2 sensors District heating 2 valves

15. Peat exploitation • Initially peat has mostly been used as fuel. Oil has been used to a little extent . • In the future the company is planning to use mostly local energy crops. • During the first year heating costs for the consumers were reduced by 31 – 33 % compared to using oil as fuel. The energy price is now ( aug. 2009) 47,74 €/MWh. Energy crops

16. Bio-ethanol Production from Waste Potatoes • Ethanol fermented from renewable sources for fuel or fuel additives are known as bio-ethanol. • Bio-ethanol production from potatoes is based on the utilization of waste potatoes. Waste potatoes are produced from 5-20 % of crops as by-products in potato cultivation. • At present, waste potatoes are used as feedstock only in two plants in Finland.

17. POTATOES MASHING AND WASHING • In Närpes a plant wasbuilt in 2008 by manager Börje Norrgård, who has a potatorefining plant in Närpes. • It has a capacity of making 1,2 Ml of ethanol per year. The fuelproducedcontains 85 % ethanol. • The investment costswere 1,2 M€. • The plant is totallyautomatic and directed by computers. There are no employees in Närpes to run this plant. COOKING ENZYMES STARCH HYDROLYSES LIQUEFACTION SACHARIFACTION YEAST CARBON DIOXIDE FERMENTATION DISTILLATION ETHANOL

18. Other alternative energyresources geothermal, wind and sun

19. Geothermalheat • A geothermal heat pump or ground source heat pump (GSHP) is a central heating and/or cooling system that pumps heat to or from the ground. • It uses the earth as a source of heat (in the winter), or as source of cold (in the summer). • This design takes advantage of the moderate temperatures in the ground to boost efficiency and reduce the operational costs of heating and cooling systems. A geothermal heat pump

20. Ground source heat pumps harvest a combination of geothermal power and heat from the sun when heating, but work against these heat sources when used for air conditioning. • Like a refrigerator or air conditioner, these systems use a heat pump to force the transfer of heat. Heat pumps can transfer heat from a cool space to a warm space, against the natural direction of flow, or they can enhance the natural flow of heat from a warm area to a cool one. Geothermal Heat Pump

22. The core of the heat pump is a loop of refrigerant pumped through a vapor compression refrigeration cycle that moves heat. Heat pumps are always more efficient than pure electric heating, even when extracting heat from air. • Unlike an air-source heat pump, which transfers heat to or from the outside air, a ground source heat pump exchanges heat with the ground. This is much more energy-efficient because underground temperatures are more stable than air temperatures through the year. • Seasonal variations decrease with depth and disappear below seven meters due to thermal inertia.

23. The setup costs are higher than for conventional systems, but the difference is usually returned in energy savings between 3 to 10 years. • System life is estimated to 25 years for inside components and 50+ years for the ground loop. • If used on a large scale, this technology may help alleviate energy costs and global warming.

24. Dr Beata Kępińska our lecturer at our visit to Podhale Geothermical Plant in Poland.

25. Teachers from Humbolec, Limanowa, Närpes and Steyer together with pupils from Limanowa visit Podhale Geothermic plant in Poland in connection to the IMST-meeting in Limanowa 05-09.10 2009.

26. Installation of a geothermal heat pump. • In 2003 a green house owner in Närpes installed earth energy in his green house of 5000 m2. Totally 24 km of plastic pipes were dug down into the ground. That´s the only big project in Närpes so far. • Last year 32 new houses were built in Närpes. Of these 15 use geothermal heat as their energy source, most of them the rock heat version. Installation of a geothermal heat pump.

27. Plans for the future • In Kristinestad, neighbour town of Närpes a project has started where they plan to use phragmites and tule as fuels. • Plans are also made to use bottom sediments from dredging the sea. • In northern Ostrobothnia, reed canary grass is used in for example Ahlholmens kraftverk to produce electricity. Phragmites Tule Reed canary grass

28. In Vasa, plans havebeenmade this autumn to build a biogas power plant. If the plans are realized it will be the biggestpowerplant of this kind in the world. • The energycompanyVaskiluodonVoimaseeks permission to buildtwocarburetorfactories. They plan to gasificate bio fuels and peat and thusreduceuse of bituminouscoal. The picture is from a power plant in southern Finland. It uses garbage from private households as fuel to produce biogas.

29. Windpower • A wind turbine is a rotating machine which converts the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy. If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as a pump or grinding stones, the machine is usually called a windmill. If the mechanical energy is then converted to electricity, the machine is called a wind generator, wind power unit (WPU), or wind energy converter (WEC).

31. Localwindprojects: • The coastline of Ostrobothnia is verysuitable for windturbinesdue to the windconditions. • Five parks with totally 700 windturbines are planned to be ready by 2020, the first one in 2014 at the earliest. In 2020 38 % of ourenergyresourcesshould come from renewableenergy. • In Närpes a park of 30 turbins is planned in Norrskogen with a total effekt of 90 – 150 MW. It willneedabout 12 km2 of land. The distancebetween the turbins will be about 500 m.

32. In our neighbouring communities wind parks are planned to be built at sea, 12 km from the coast. • The public opinion concerning these windprojects is very divided amoung the locals. Many are in favour of wind energy, but many are against the plans, too. They think environmental values will be destroyed and that the turbins will make too much noice .

33. Solar energy

34. Solar power is the result of converting sunlight into electricity. • Sunlight can be converted directly into electricity using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly concentrating solar power (CSP), which normally focuses the sun's energy to boil water which is then used to provide power. • The largest solar power plants, like the 354 MW SEGS, are concentrated solar thermal plants, but recently multi-megawatt photovoltaic plants have been built. Aerial view showing portions of four of the five SEG (Solar energy generating systems) III–VII plants located at Kramer Junction.

35. Completed in 2008, the 46 MW Moura photovoltaic power station in Portugal and the 40 MW Waldpolenz Solar Park in Germany are characteristic of the trend toward larger photovoltaic power stations. • Much larger ones are proposed, such as the 550 MW Topaz Solar Farm, and the 600 MW Rancho Cielo Solar Farm.

36. Solar power is a predictably intermittent energy source, meaning that whilst solar power is not available at all times, we can predict with a very good degree of accuracy when it will and will not be available. • Certain salts have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. They also have the potential to eliminate the intermittency of solar power by storing spare solar power in the form of heat and using this heat overnight or during periods that solar power is not available to produce electricity.

37. Basics. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkO7ioNUXnw&feature=related How it´s made. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brv43B_LKBw&feature=related • This technology has the potential to make solar power "dispatchable", as the heat source can be used to generate electricity at will. • Solar power installations are normally supplemented by storage or another energy source, for example with wind power and hydropower. • For many house owners, solar power is a goodcomplement to fossil fuels. How it works. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8-6qxWmMWU How solarpanels work. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCLHl0FoTp0&feature=related

38. Excursions with the pupils • Our pupils will visit Närpes fjärrvärmecentral (District heating central) and make aquaintance to how it works. • Our pupils will visit Öjvind wind turbin. • Our pupils will visit Norrgård’s bio ethanol plant. • Our exchange students will experiment with solar power during the term.