Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia

1. 12 Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia

2. The Spread of Islamic Civilization • The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras • An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements • The Coming of Islam to South Asia • The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia

4. The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak

5. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras • Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries • Peasant revolts • Al-Mahdi (775-785) • Shi’a unreconciled • Succession not secure

6. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras • Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes • Harun al-Rashid • Son of al-Mahdi • The Thousand and One Nights • Barmicides • Persian advisors • Death followed by civil war • Al-Ma'mun

7. Imperial Breakdown andAgrarian Disorder • Civil unrest • Caliphs build lavishly • Tax burden increases • Agriculture suffers

8. The Declining Position of Women in the Family and Society • Seclusion, veil • Polygyny

9. Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power • Former provinces threaten Abbasids • Buyids, Persia • Take Baghdad, 945 • Sultans • Seljuk Turks • 1055, defeat Buyids • Sunnis • Shi'a purges • Defeat Byzantines, Egypt

10. The Impact of the Christian Crusades • 1096, western European Christian knights • Small kingdoms established • Saladin retakes lands • Last in 1291

11. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements • Urban growth • Merchants thrive

12. The Full Flowering of Persian Literature • Persian the court language • Administration, literature • Arabic in religion, law, sciences • Calligraphy • Firdawsi • Shah-Nama • Epic poem

13. The Full Flowering of Persian Literature • Sa'di • Omar Kayyan • Rubaiyat

14. Achievements in the Sciences • Math • Build on Greek work • Chemistry • Experiments • Al-Razi • Al-Biruni • Specific weights

15. The Spread of Islam,10th-16th Centuries

16. Achievements in the Sciences • Medicine • Hospitals • Courses of study

17. Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion • Sufis • Mysticism • Ulama • Conservative • Against outside influence • Greek philosophy rejected • Qur'an sufficient

18. Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion • Al-Ghazali • Synthesis of Greek, Qur'anic ideas • Opposed by orthodoxy

19. New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate • Mongols • Chinggis Khan • Hulegu • 1258, Baghdad falls • Last Abbasid killed

20. Modern States with a Sizable Muslim Population

21. The Coming of Islam to South Asia • By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central • Conflict between two different systems • Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism • Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system

22. Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions • First as traders, 8th century • Attacks lead to invasion • Muhammad ibn Qasim • Umayyad general • Takes Sind, Indus valleys • Indians treated as dhimmi

23. Early Islam in India

24. Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization • Science, math, medicine, music, astronomy • India influences Arab

25. From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions • 10th century, Turkish dynasty established in Afghanistan • Mahmud of Ghazni • Begins 200 years of invasionainvasion of India

26. From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions • Muhammad of Ghur • Persian • State in Indus valley much of Ganges • Thence to Bengal • Assassinated • His lieutenant, Qutb-ud-Din Aibak • forms capital atDelhi • Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years

27. Patterns of Conversion • Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables • Also, conversion to escape taxes • Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th centuries

28. Patterns of Accommodation • High-caste Hindus remain apart • Muslims also often fail to integrate

29. Islamic Challenge andHindu Revival • Bhakti • Devotional cults • Emotional approach • Caste distinctions dissolved • Shiva, Vishnu, Kali especially • Mira Bai, Kabir, • Songs in regional languages

30. Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period • Brahmins v. ulama • Separate communities

31. The Spread of Islam toSoutheast Asia • Shrivijaya • Trading Contacts and Conversion • Trading leads to peaceful conversion • Sufis important • Starting with Sumatran ports

32. The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia

33. The Spread of Islam toSoutheast Asia • Malacca • Thence to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java) • Coastal cities especially receptive • Buddhist elites, but population converts to Islam • Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam