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Communicable & Chronic Diseases. Mr. Ramos. Lesson 1: Understanding Diseases. Objectives: Discuss the ways in which pathogens can be spread Describe the immune system and how it responds to pathogens List ways to keep the immune system healthy, including getting adequate rest.
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Communicable & Chronic Diseases Mr. Ramos
Lesson 1:Understanding Diseases • Objectives: • Discuss the ways in which pathogens can be spread • Describe the immune system and how it responds to pathogens • List ways to keep the immune system healthy, including getting adequate rest
Causes and Spread of Diseases • A germ, or pathogen, is something that causes disease. • Examples of pathogens include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. • Not all bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi are pathogens. • A communicable disease is an illness caused by a pathogen that can be passed to a person from another person, animal, or object. • Examples: Common cold and the Flu
How Pathogens are Spread • Pathogens may be spread when an infected agent comes into direct contact with a noninfected agent. • Touching, kissing, sharing eating utensils, or exchanging bodily fluids, as in sexual activity or needle sharing. • Pathogens may also spread indirectly through contact with doorknobs, tabletops, faucet handles, and other surfaces.
The Immune Systems • The immune system is the body’s defense against pathogens. • The immune system is made up of cells, tissues, and organs. • The immune system has three lines of defense: • First line of defense • Second line of defense • Third line of defense
The Immune System: First Line of Defense • The first line of defense: • Skin – unbroken skin provides a barrier against pathogens • Mucous membrane – tissue that lines the nose, mouth, and throat. Mucous is a sticky substance that contains a chemical to kill bacteria. • Tears – contain chemicals that destroy pathogens • Saliva - contain chemicals that destroy pathogens • Sweat - contain chemicals that destroy pathogens • Stomach acid – destroys pathogens that survive in the mouth & throat
The Immune System: Second Line of Defense • The second line of defense: • If pathogens pass the first line of defense, the body launches the second line of defense. • This is a nonspecific immune response. • Phagocytes are white blood cells that find, engulf, and digest pathogens. • Phagocytes release chemicals that cause inflammation: redness, swelling, warmth, and pain. • Phagocytes can raise the body temperature (fever) to destroy pathogens.
The Immune System: Third Line of Defense • The third line of defense: • This is a specific immune response that targets particular invading pathogens. • The body contains a clear liquid called lymph that helps eliminate foreign substances. • A lymphocyte is a white blood cell that serves as a building block of the body’s immune system. • B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells are examples of lymphocytes.
The Immune System: Third Line of Defense • The third line of defense: • B cells and T cells can recognize antigens. • Antigens are substances that cause an immune reaction to the body. • When a B-cells detects an antigen, it makes antibodies. • An antibody is a protein in the blood that destroys or disables a specific antigen. • Memory cells help speed the production of antibodies by recognizing antigens there were once present in the body.
Caring For Your Immune System • Immunity is the body’s ability to resist disease. • There are 4 types of immunity: • Naturally acquired active immunity • Artificially acquired active immunity • Naturally acquired passive immunity • Artificially acquired passive immunity
Caring For Your Immune System • Get regular physical examinations and vaccinations. • Visit a physician when you feel ill. • Follow directions when taking Rx and over-the-counter drugs. • Reduce stress. • Exercise regularly.
Caring For Your Immune System • Get 8 hours of sleep each night • Plan your meals according to the Food Guide Pyramid. • Avoid the use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs.
Lesson 2:Communicable Disease • Objectives: • Discuss facts about communicable diseases and society. • Identify common communicable diseases and describe their characteristics. • Identify ways to prevent the spread of disease. • Explain why you need to keep a personal health record.
About Communicable Diseases • Communicable disease are all contagious, spread by direct or indirect contact. • Lyme disease, for example, is a bacterial disease transmitted through a tick. • It can spread from tick to person, but not from person to person. • In the United States, sexually transmitted diseases, such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia are some of the most common communicable diseases.
Common Communicable Diseases • Communicable diseases vary in their causes, symptoms, duration, and diagnosis. • Treatment depends on the type of pathogen that causes the disease. • An antibiotic is a substance that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. • Antibiotics do NOT work on viral infections.
Preventing Communicable Disease • Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds with soap and warm water before & after preparing food, before eating, & after using the bathroom. Use a nail brush daily to remove dirt from under nails. • Keep your fingers away from your eyes, nose, & mouth.
Preventing Communicable Disease • Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. If you don’t have a tissue, cough or sneeze into your elbow – not into your hand. • Do not share personal items, such as toothbrushes or drinking glasses or bottles.
Preventing Communicable Disease • Cover all sores or cuts with a bandage. Wash your hands with soap and water if you touch your sore or cut. • Do not touch sores or cuts on another person’s body. Wear disposable gloves if you are bandaging someone else’s wound.
Preventing Communicable Disease • Do not use illegal drugs. Injecting oneself with needles, inhaling from shared pipes or cigarettes, and snorting drugs lead to infections. • Practice abstinence from sex to prevent the spread of certain diseases.
Preventing Communicable Disease • Do not share needles to make tattoos or pierce ears or other body parts. • Follow the tips to prevent foodborne illnesses. • Keep your food away from animals, such as pets or insects. They might spread pathogens to the food.
Preventing Communicable Disease • Keeps pets well groomed, free of ticks or fleas, and vaccinated. • Use insect repellants when you are outside in the spring, summer, and fall. • Check with a physician if you are bitten by an animal.
Lesson 3:Sexually Transmitted Diseases & HIV/AIDS • Objectives: • Identify common sexually transmitted diseases and their effects on the body. • Explain how HIV is transmitted and develops into AIDS. • List ways to prevent and treat sexually transmitted diseases.
Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are also known as Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). • One in two sexually active young people will get an STD by the age of 25. • Most young people with STDs don’t even know they have them. Getting tested is the only way to know for sure. • STDs are really common -- every year there are more than 19 million new cases in the U.S. • Left untreated, some STDs can cause infertility or increase your risk of getting cancer
Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Chlamydia – bacterial infection • Inflammation of the reproductive organs • Some people have no symptoms • Females may have painful urination, lower abdominal pain, unusual vaginal discharge, or bleeding between menstrual periods. • Males may experience a slight discharge from the tip of the penis or itching or burning around the penis. • Chlamydia may lead to infertility if left untreated. • Chlamydia can be treated with antibiotics.
Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Genital Herpes – viral infection • Produces cold sores or blisters on the sex organs or in the mouth. • May experience a fever, fatigue, muscle aches, and appetite loss. • May cause cervical cancer • There is no cure for genital herpes.
Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Genital HPV infection – viral infection • Human Papillomavirus is one of the most common STDs in the United States • Often has no symptoms • HPV may disappear on its own without treatment • May cause genital warts – these are growths on or inside the sex organs • The warts may disappear without treatment
Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Gonorrhea – bacterial infection • Bacterial infection infects the linings of the genital & urinary tract • Both males and females may have no symptoms • Males and females may experience yellowish-green discharge from the sex organs or burning during urination. • May result in infertility in both males and females. • Can be treated and cured with antibiotics
Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Syphilis – bacterial infection • Produces sores and rashes in the genital area. • If left untreated, syphilis can damage the heart, brain, and liver and lead to mental illness, paralysis, and sometimes death. • Can be treated and cured with antibiotics
HIV and AIDS • The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) destroys the body’s third line of defense. • HIV destroys the body’s helper T-cells. • When HIV has fully destroyed or broken down the body, a condition known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome results.
Ways HIV is Spread • Having sexual contact with a person infected with HIV • Contact with blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or breast milk, of a person infected with HIV • Sharing needles with infected person • Being born to a mother infected with HIV
Ways HIV is Not Spread • Closed-mouth kissing • Hugging • Being sneezed or coughed on • Being bitten by insects • Donating blood • Using a telephone or computer used by an infected person • Touching, holding hands, or shaking hands • Sitting on a toilet seat
HIV Testing • HIV kills helper T-cells, which are supposed to signal B-cells to produce antibodies against HIV. • The HIV test does not look for HIV. The test looks for the antibodies produced against HIV. • The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is widely used to detect HIV antibodies. • If the ELISA test comes back positive, another test is run. If the second test is positive, a Western blot test is run.
How HIV develops into AIDS • A person infected with HIV may have flu-like symptoms. • After these symptoms go away, the person may be symptom free for months or years. • After the immune system has been weakened, the person may experience swollen lymph nodes, lack of energy, weight loss, skin rashes or flaky skin, frequent fevers, and sweats.
How HIV develops into AIDS • A person is said to have AIDS when Helper T-cell count falls below a certain number and opportunistic infections result. • An opportunistic infection is an infection that develops when a person has a weak immune system: Pneumocystiscarinii pneumonia (PCP), Kaposi’s sarcoma, AIDS dementia, candida infections, etc…
Lesson 4:Noncommunicable Diseases • Objectives: • Discuss the causes of noncommunicable diseases and how to prevent or manage these diseases. • Identify the factors that may lead to cancer. • Identify the factors that may lead to cardiovascular disease. • Discuss ways to identify other noncommunicable diseases and conditions.
Causes, Prevention, and Management • A noncommunicable disease is a disease that cannot be spread from one person to another (e.g. cancer and heart disease) • Heredity: certain diseases can pass from parent to offspring by means of genes. These diseases include heart disease, cancer, diabetes, & Down syndrome. • Behavior: behaviors that lead to these diseases include drinking alcohol and smoking tobacco. • Environment: environmental factors, such as exposure to sunlight may cause skin cancer. Second hand smoke may cause lung cancer.
Cancer • Cancer refers to a group of diseases in which abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the tissues & organs of the body. • A tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue. • Tumors may be benign or malignant. • A benign tumor is not cancerous. This is a tumor that does not spread to other body parts. • A malignant tumor is cancerous because it spreads, or metastasizes, to other parts of the body.
Prevention of Cancer • Follow a well-balanced diet high in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and low in fat. • Protect yourself against UV radiation by putting on sunscreen, wearing a hat, and protective clothing.
Treatment of Cancer • Radiation therapy is medical treatment that uses radiation to destroy cancer cells within the body. • This therapy may be used to shrink the tumor and make it easier to remove. • Chemotherapy is the use of chemicals to treat cancer. • Most chemotherapy treatments are given intravenously, or through a vein.
