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Africa Continued

Africa Continued. Rwanda 1990-1993. Invasion from Uganda by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (1990) Mainly Tutsi refugees Effects of the Invasion New multi-party constitution (1991) Power sharing agreement (1993) Signals the end of civil war UN sent to monitor the agreement. Rwanda 1994.

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Africa Continued

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  1. Africa Continued

  2. Rwanda 1990-1993 • Invasion from Uganda by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (1990) • Mainly Tutsi refugees • Effects of the Invasion • New multi-party constitution (1991) • Power sharing agreement (1993) • Signals the end of civil war • UN sent to monitor the agreement

  3. Rwanda 1994 • In April 1994, the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi were killed in a suspicious plane crash • Civil war erupted on a massive scale • RPF launches a major offensive • Extremist Hutu militia and elements of the Rwandan military begin the systematic massacre of Tutsis

  4. Rwandan Statistics • Genocide lasts approx. 100 days • An estimated 800,000 people were killed • Total population of Rwanda was about 7 million • Many Tutsi women were systematically raped by HIV+ Hutu men • No outside government did anything to stop the genocide

  5. Post-Genocide Rwanda • Political Landscape • A new flag and national anthem are unveiled to try to promote national unity and reconciliation (2001) • RPF wins an absolute majority in government elections (2003) • Paul Kagame becomes first president • EU observers say poll was marred by irregularities and fraud. • RPF winslarge majority again in 2008 • President Kagame wins new term in elections (2010) • Presidential candidate against Kagame • Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza is arrested in 2010 • Bernard Ntaganda is sentenced for four years in jail in 2011

  6. Genocide Trials vs. Prisoner Release • Capturing Perpetrators • Hundreds have been arrested and tried for war crimes, terrorism, crimes against humanity, etc. • Includes priests, army officers, government officials • President Kagame has been accused • Overcrowding of Prisons • 36,000 prisoners released in 2005 • 8,000 released in 2007 • Most confessed to involvement in the genocide • Third phase of releases since 2003 • 60,000 suspects have been freed since 2003

  7. The Rwandan Economy • Economic Partners • Major exports to Belgium, Germany & China • Investment and trade agreement with Belgium • The government has promoted economic development • Shows signs of development • The major exports are coffee and tea • Coffee makes up more than 50% of the total export

  8. Case Study II: South Africa

  9. Geography of South Africa

  10. Important Cities of South Africa

  11. Provinces of South Africa

  12. History of South AfricaPre-European Contact • Remains exist from about three million years ago • Contains some of the oldest archaeological sites in the world • The earliest ironworks are believed to date from around 1050 • Humans have inhabited for more than 100,000 years. • The two major historic groups were the Xhosa and Zulu

  13. History of South AfricaEarly contact with Europeans • 1487 • Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias • First European in southern Africa. • He named the cape “Cape of Storms” • King John II renamed it “Cape of Good Hope”

  14. History of South AfricaEarly contact with Europeans • 1652 • Jan van Riebeeck • Represented the Dutch East India Company • Founded the Cape Colony • Would become Cape Town

  15. History of South Africa (cont) • Early Role of Cape Town • Colonists use slaves from Indonesia, Madagascar, and India • Discovery of resources • Diamonds and gold • Encouraged economic growth and immigration • Started the Anglo-Boer War • Boers and the British fought for control

  16. History of South AfricaBritish Control • Cape Town became a British colony in 1806 • European settlement expanded during the 1820s • Early 1800s • Shaka Zulu founds and expands the Zulu empire, creates a formidable fighting force

  17. The Great Trek • 1835-1840 • Boers leave Cape Colony • Establish the Orange Free State and the Transvaal • This intensified the struggle to control economic resources • Competition between natives, Boers, and British

  18. The Boer Wars • The Boer fought the British throughout the late 1800s • Boers used guerrilla warfare tactics • The British ultimately won • Formation of Union of South Africa (1910) • Dominion of the British Empire

  19. British Rule of South Africa • The Natives' Land Act of 1913 severely restricted the ownership of land by blacks • Statute of Westminster (1931) • Effectively granted independence

  20. Apartheid becomes Law • Election of 1948 • The National Party was elected to power • The legislature passed legally institutionalized segregation, later known as apartheid • System of segregation • The white minority controlled the vastly larger black majority • Classified all peoples into three races • White, Colored, Black • Developed rights and limitations for each • i.e. residential restrictions

  21. Anti-Apartheid Movement • ANC responds to apartheid • Led by Nelson Mandela • Uses tactics such as civil disobedience and sabotage • 1964 - ANC leader Nelson Mandela sentenced to life imprisonment

  22. Views of Apartheid • Opposition to Apartheid • Within the country • Colored and Blacks • The African National Congress (ANC) • Outside the country • International sanctions • Boycotts of doing business with South Africa • Excluded from 1960 Olympic Games • Government still continued apartheid • Harshly oppressed resistance movements • Violence became widespread

  23. South Africa in the 1970s • Military Spending Increased • Began nuclear weapon development • Social Unrest Continued • Hundreds were killed in various protests

  24. South Africa in the 1980s • Military Spending • Produced six nuclear weapons • Social Unrest Eases • President FW de Klerk meets Mandela (1989) • Public facilities desegregated • Many ANC activists freed

  25. South Africa in the 1990s • End of Apartheid • Ban on political organizations (including ANC) was lifted • Released Nelson Mandela from prison after twenty-seven years • Repealed apartheid legislation • Destroyed its nuclear arsenal

  26. Free Elections • First universal elections in 1994 • ANC won by an overwhelming majority • Mandela elected President • ANC has been in power ever since

  27. Attacking Apartheid • Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1996) • Led by Archbishop Desmond Tutu • Brands apartheid a crime against humanity • Also finds the ANC accountable for human rights abuses

  28. Modern South Africa • Major Developments against AIDS • 2001 • South Africa wins court battle to import generic AIDS drugs • Gov’t must give AIDS drugs to pregnant women to prevent transmission to their babies • 2002 • Gov’t must provide anti-AIDs drug at all public hospitals • 2003 • Government approves program to provide anti-AIDS medicine via public health system. • Drug-distribution centers and preventative programs

  29. Modern South Africa • Economic Conditions since Apartheid • Economy had steady growth • However unemployment has grown • Recession in 2009 first time since mid 1990s

  30. Modern South Africa • Social Conditions since Apartheid • S. Africa becomes the fifth in the world to allow same-sex unions (2006) • President Mbeki urges to bring corrupt officials to justice (2007) • Wave of violence directed at foreigners (2008) • Poor living conditions lead to violent protests (2009) • South Africa hosts the World Cup tournament (2010)

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