The City of Wood

1. The City of Wood Steven Tripp Center for Language Research University of Aizu

2. The Spatial Representation of Knowledge • Gärdenfors, P., Conceptual spaces: The geometry of thought.: MIT Press, Cambridge, 2000. • Fauconnier, G., Mappings in thought and language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997. • Fauconnier, G., Mental Spaces. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994.

3. Gärdenfors • Theory of Conceptual Spaces • Domains: spatial, color, kinship, sound, etc. • Quality Dimensions: temperature, weight, hardness, pitch, height, etc. • Distance=similarity • Discrete dimensions: species, kinship

4. Discrete Dimensions

5. Taste Quality Space • Tastes are combinations of three primaries • Tastes can only be represented on planes. Saline Sweet Sour Bitter

6. Multidimensional Scaling • MDS • Dimension Reduction • Stress function measures misfit between data and reduced space • No guarantee that the dimensions have a psychological interpretation

7. MDS Mammals • Perceived similarities • Experts

8. MDS Mammals • Perceived similarities • Novices

9. Domain • A set of integral (correlated) dimensions • Separable dimensions (color and weight) • A conceptual space is a set of correlated domains • A property is a region of a domain

10. Three Levels of Representation • Symbolic (names and rules) • Conceptual (maps) • Associationist (paths) • Problem: How should concepts be modeled?

11. Fauconnier’s Mental Spaces • Cognitive Linguistics • Language is a set of instructions for constructing interconnected domains • Mappings • Analogy (computer virus) • New conceptual structure ( a new virus) • Projected Structure (disinfectant) • Blending (both computers and organisms)

12. Domains • Different domains (beliefs, images, couterfactuals, scenarios, etc.) have similar structures. • A limited set of principles allow structure projection between domains.

13. Space Projection • Maybe Romeo is in love with Juliet. • Maybe signals a possibility space A: name Romeo B: name Juliet b a I Base Space B love a’b’ I b’ a’ relative New Space M

14. WordNet • G. Miller (Magic Number 7±2) • Hierarchically linked dictionary • http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ • Nine starters • { entity, something, (anything having existence (living or nonliving)) } • { psychological_feature, (a feature of the mental life of a living organism) } • { abstraction, (a general concept formed by extracting common features from specific examples) } • { state, (the way something is with respect to its main attributes; ") } • { event, (something that happens at a given place and time) } • { act, human_action, human_activity, (something that people do or cause to happen) } • { group, grouping, (any number of entities (members) considered as a unit) } • { possession, (anything owned or possessed) } • { phenomenon, (any state or process known through the senses rather than by intuition or reasoning) }

15. Kinds of Nouns • Table 1 List of 25 unique beginners for WordNet nouns

16. Sample Hierarchy • Oak • Sense 1 • oak -- (the hard durable wood of any oak; used especially for furniture and flooring) • => wood -- (the hard fibrous lignified substance under the bark of trees) • => plant material -- (material derived from plants) • => material, stuff -- (the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object; "coal is a hard black material"; "wheat is the stuff they use to make bread") • => substance, matter -- (that which has mass and occupies space; "an atom is the smallest indivisible unit of matter") • => object, physical object -- (a physical (tangible and visible) entity; "it was full of rackets, balls and other objects") • => entity, something -- (anything having existence (living or nonliving)) • Sense 2 • oak, oak tree -- (a deciduous tree of the genus Quercus; has acorns and lobed leaves; "great oaks grow from little acorns") • => tree -- (a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms) • => woody plant, ligneous plant -- (a plant having hard lignified tissues or woody parts especially stems) • => vascular plant, tracheophyte -- (green plant having a vascular system: ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms) • => plant, flora, plant life -- (a living organism lacking the power of locomotion) • => life form, organism, being, living thing -- (any living entity) • => entity, something -- (anything having existence (living or nonliving))

17. Meronyms of Oak Tree • oak, oak tree -- (a deciduous tree of the genus Quercus; has acorns and lobed leaves; "great oaks grow from little acorns") • HAS SUBSTANCE: oak -- (the hard durable wood of any oak; used especially for furniture and flooring) • HAS PART: acorn -- (fruit of the oak tree: a smooth thin-walled nut in a woody cup-shaped base) • HAS PART: cupule, acorn cup -- (cup-shaped structure of hardened bracts at the base of an acorn) • => tree -- (a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms) • HAS SUBSTANCE: sapwood -- (newly formed outer wood lying between the cambium and the heartwood of a tree or woody plant; usually light colored; active in water conduction) • HAS SUBSTANCE: heartwood, duramen -- (the older inactive central wood of a tree or woody plant; usually darker and denser than the surrounding sapwood) • HAS PART: stump, tree stump -- (the base part of a tree that remains standing after the tree has been felled) • HAS PART: crown, capitulum, treetop -- (the upper branches and leaves of a tree) • HAS PART: tree branch -- (a branch arising from the trunk or a bough of a tree) • HAS PART: trunk, tree trunk, bole -- (the main stem of a tree; usually covered with bark; the bole is usually the part that is commercially useful for lumber) • HAS PART: bark -- (tough protective covering of the woody stems and roots of trees and other woody plants)

18. The Image of the City • Kevin Lynch, 1960 • Interviews about mental maps • Features • Paths • Edges • Districts • Nodes • Landmarks

19. Map

21. Tokyo Subway

22. Wood Samples

23. Wood Classification

24. Navigation • Animal Navigation • Complex and Varied • Two General Types • Egocentric (path, homing, DR) • Allocentric (Cognitive Maps) • Novel routes • Short Cuts • Multiple starting points

25. Brain Studies • Hippocampus • Episodic Memory (egocentric?) • Semantic memory (allocentric?) • Brain damage • Damage to the hippocampus causes loss of navigational ability in rodents and birds • Damage in humans causes anterograde amnesia

26. Navigation In Information Space P.P. Maglio and T. Matlock, The Conceptual Structure of Information Space, in A.J. Munro, K. Höök, and D. Benyon, eds., Social Navigation of Information Space, Springer, London, 1999. People using internet browsers conceive of cognitive space as physical space and construct cognitive maps of that space.

27. Senses of Wood

28. Hyponyms of Wood

29. Hypernyms of Wood

30. Treemaps Shneiderman, B. (2000). Treemaps for Space Constrained Visualization of Hierarchies, http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemaps/.

31. The Problem • Representing Information Visually • Two-dimensional interface • Lack of space and resolution • Visual complexity is no solution

32. TreeMap Structure • Representing: • Hierarchy • Values

33. Disk Contents

34. Stock Market data

35. Sports Statistics

36. Decision-Making Tool

37. Curriculum Structure • Major and Minor Topics • Time Structure (weekly schedule) • Difficulty • Test Weight • Minutes of Lecture • Other?

38. Semantic Navigator

39. Semantic Navigator

40. Semantic Hierarchy