Supporting teachers and children in school: lessons from Wales

1. Supporting teachers and children in school: lessons from Wales “Supporting Parents, Children and Teachers: research and practice” Copthorne Hotel, Cardiff 7th March 2012 Professor Judy Hutchings Centre for Evidence Based Early Intervention Bangor University Email: j.hutchings@bangor.ac.uk 1

2. Overview of presentation • The IY parent, child and teacher programmes • Child and teacher programme content • Developing the programmes in Wales • Evaluation and research on the child and teacher programmes in Wales • Current school based research in Wales

3. The Incredible Years Programmes Teacher Programme 6 full day sessions held monthly Child Dinosaur Classroom Programme:3 year curriculum, 2 sessions per week, 30 weeks Child Dinosaur treatment Programme: 6 children, 18 - 22 weekly sessions ADVANCED Programme: 9 sessions helping adults communicate & problem solve School Aged BASIC Parent Programme: 10 - 12 sessions, 6 - 12 years Pre-School BASIC Parent Programme: 14-18 weekly sessions, 3 – 6 years Infant (eight sessions) 0 - 12 months toddler 1 - 3 year olds (13 sessions) programmes School Readiness Programme: 4 pre-school sessions 2 – 4 years

4. Components of effective interventions that are in the IY programmes (Hutchings et al 2004) - new skills must be modelled and rehearsed - (non-violent) sanctions for negative behaviour and relationship building, praise and rewards - practice or ‘homework’ • programmes should emphasise principles rather than prescribe techniques - interventions work best when delivered early

5. Fidelity in Incredible Years programmes • Content – social learning theory • Process – collaboration, individual goals, shared problem solving • Fidelity tools - training, manuals, supervision, certification etc.

6. How the IY programmes achieve implementation with fidelity • detailed leader manuals • videotapes books and materials for parents • structured leader training, basic 3 day plus consultation days • ongoing supervision • a leader certification process • a network of trainers and mentors 6

7. Incredible Years Teacher Classroom Management Programme

8. Goals for the teacher programmme • Increase positive and nurturing teaching styles • Decrease negative or harsh teaching style • Promote parent-teacher collaboration • Promote supportive school environment - with focus on social-emotional development

9. • Teacher Programme Content Building positive relationships with students Building parent-teacher collaborations Increasing parent involvement Importance of teacher attention, encouragement and praise Preventing problems: proactive teaching Decreasing inappropriate behavior Promoting positive social/emotional skills literacy & problem solving in the class

10. TCM research results •Children in intervention classes had fewer conduct problems and were more ready for school (friendly, follows directions, on task, engaged) than control children. • Intervention teachers were more supportive of student efforts than control teachers • Teachers and parents were satisfied with the programme and that it met their goals for their children’s social development

11. The Incredible Years Child Dinosaur School social skills and problem solving programmes

12. Goals for child programme • Decrease aggressive and oppositional behavior when it first starts • Strengthen children’s social competence & self-regulation • Promote children’s academic competence school engagement and school readiness • Develop children’s problem solving skills

13. Dinosaur Child Programme Content • New Friends and School Rules • Succeeding in School • Understanding Feelings • Problem Solving • Anger Management • Talking with Friends and Being Friendly

14. Dinosaur SchoolSmall Group and Classroom Models • Small group therapeutic version • 6 children per group (2 leaders) • 2 hours weekly, 20-22 weeks • High rates of reinforcement, reinforcers, • Circle time and small group practice • Classroom universal version • Taught 2-3 times per week, 60 lessons plans, per year for three years KS1 • Presented in: 20-minute large group circle time • Practiced in: 20-minute small group activities • Promoted in lunch, recess, choice time

15. Dina research outcomes Improved peer relationships Greater academic engagement More problem solutions and more pro-social problem solutions Reduced behavioural problems

16. Child and teacher programmes in Wales 2000 Pilot Dino therapy programme for referred children in NHS 2002 Pilot of teacher and child classroom programmes 2004 Roll out of child and teacher programmes in Gwynedd Positive Estyn feedback 2006 RCT of teacher programme 2009 Pilot Dino treatment in school 2010 RCT Dino treatment in schools

17. First Therapeutic Small Group Dina evaluation • Delivered in CAMHS service • 9 children, aged 7 - 11, mean 9yrs 3 mos. • 4 PRU, one excluded, 1 LD special school,3 mainstream with support • 4 ADHD, 3 with medication • 82% mean attendance

18. Results Effect sizes of changes • ECBI-I 165.75 - 13.38 p < .05 effect size .83 • SDQ impact score 5.75 - 2.13 p < .01 effect size 1.91 • SCRS 180.81 - 136.75 p< .05 effect size 1.03

19. Behaviours most frequently reported as having improved: • Helping with chores • Anger control • Problem solving, compromising, concentration • Friendship skills and listening to, and following, instructions

20. Parent report • Child 4’s mother: We go visiting people, he has calmed down a hell of a lot. At one time he’d kick off in anybody’s house. He didn’t care who it was and he’d be touchin all their ornaments, the lot. To be fair now, its not very often he seems to kick off. He seems to be able to behave himself more now. • Child 6’s mother: I used to find it hard to take him shopping, you know, the two of them, cos he wanted to go into the shops, he wanted to stay, but now he’ll come out, you know, when I say.

21. Child 7’s mother: We went out for a meal in an Italian restaurant… • Three or four people commented on [child’s name] within an hour on how good he had been and isn’t it lovely being able to come out like this and sit and have a meal…We’ve been in a restaurant before and he’s actually jumped on the table, actually, literally jumped onto the middle of a table in a restaurant.

22. Child 3’s mother: • But his behaviour has changed in such a way, I mean, he’s accepted into school, he’s accepted by everybody else now. He’s not a pain anymore. Because he was really excluded before by everybody…. But he’s noticed people wanna do more with him, adults want to do more with him because he’s behavin’ whereas before it’d be like, God!

23. Classroom Dina development in Wales • Presentation on small group Dina for local Health and Education staff • Two champions emerged from Gwynedd Education service • Classroom Dino training funded for local teachers • Pilot classroom Dino with small scale evaluation

24. Initial classroom Dina evaluation • Teachers from two schools trained • Implementation in one school • All school staff introduced to the underpinning classroom management principles • Supervision and feedback provided • Parent and teacher feedback collected

25. Reception class data • Small sample, at start of school year • Not all children had difficulties at outset • Significant improvement on parent reported SDQ p<.05

26. Parent interviews • Improvements in children’s vocabulary and attitude to school work reported “he seems happier, he’s able to get what he wants to say out – he’s less frustrated”

27. She’s apologising a lot if she does things to upset her brother - on her own now, we don’t have to tell her • He counts to three when he is angry and uses his “ignoring” muscle when someone annoys him

28. School staff interview • The kids all know the Dino rules and are more polite to each other • All the children are beginning to learn and use the principles • I think its becoming a happier school. The atmosphere is changing, the teachers are getting used to praising. It used to be don’t do that! Now that’s ignored and good things are concentrated on..the kids are taking more responsibility for their own behaviour

29. Initial trial of TCM programme • Head teacher in first Dino school had learned the TCM curriculum from the book and used it with all school staff (canteen staff, playground staf,f etc) whilst implementing the first Dino trial • We concluded TCM gave the essential underpinning teacher skills for Dino School and ran two trial TCM courses • Pilot TCM study including teacher satisfaction and classroom observation

30. First teacher pilot 2002 • 23 teachers, 22 women, 2 Local Authorities • 2-32 years teaching mean 17 yrs • 15 KS1 (4 - 7 year olds), 2 KS2 (8 - 11 year olds), 3 heads, 3 special needs • 5 days of training, mean 4.7 attendance, • Teacher satisfaction and interview

31. Teacher Report: Teacher Satisfaction Questionnaire

32. Teacher responses • “It was good to share experiences with other teacher in similar situations – I no longer felt I was alone. I just wish I’d had this course as part of my teacher training!” • “I liked the fact that useful strategies were highlighted. The flexibility of the course – in terms of being able to select the strategies that would work better for me was great.”

33. “I do not raise my voice half as much as I used to, and give a lot more praise. Rather, I think before reacting, and it is good to focus on good behaviour in the classroom – something that I generally tended to ignore in the past. This has had such a positive effect on the children’s behaviour to each other too.”

34. “I feel I can engage the children’s attention better. They seem to have more respect for me and other pupils. They love being involved in making up rules, and finding strategies to solve problems. The best course I ever attended!” “It was refreshing to come back to the staff-room after the training, not having to say that the best thing about the course was the lunch! It definitely has been a worthwhile experience for me, and for my pupils, and I am eager for other members of my staff to receive this training.”

35. “I am completely transformed! My views on dealing with misbehaviour have changed radically – and for the better – as reflected in my pupils. I have been going on about the course to my staff – and it’s just a shame that some teachers fail to realise the applicability of adopting a new perspective. I think the only way that they would benefit would be if they all had the opportunity of attending the course.”

36. Pilot TCM observation study 2004 • Direct observation in classroom by blind observers • 30 minutes, frequency counts of teacher and child behaviour • 21 classrooms • 10 trained teachers, 11 untrained

37. Results: pilot study • Trained teachers: • Used more direct commands • Allowed longer time allowed for compliance • Increased teacher praise • Children show • Reduced non-compliance/increased compliance • Increased positive behaviours to both teachers and pupils

38. Full scale roll out of TCM and Dino in Gwynedd • County decision on roll out TCM and Classroom Dino • Four volunteer schools per year • Part-time secondment of head teacher to do training and supply cover funded • By 2005 - 16 schools trained and running classroom Dino programme • School inspection results good • Project taken to scale with full time secondment of head teacher to train remaining 80 schools over a three year period - completed in 2008

39. The teacher classroom management RCT study summary of findings • 12 classrooms • 11 schools • Observed teacher and child behaviour • High, moderate and low risk children identified using the teacher completed Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)

40. Significant changes in teacher behaviour • More positives • Less negatives • More praise • Clearer commands

41. Changes in Pupil Behaviour • More on-task behaviour • Less non-compliance • More compliance • Less negative behaviour to teacher • Less negative to other children • Generally more positive and less negative

42. Ysgol Abercaseg, Bethesda, Gwynedd School Inspectors report 2006 • Pupils personal and social development is promoted effectively through activities such as Ysgol Dina, circle time and school council. …. This is an outstanding aspect of the provision and it makes a key contribution towards the family ethos generated throughout the school.

43. The school has played a prominent role in developing the Webster-Stratton programme. As a result there has been a significant improvement in pupils attitudes towards learning and the overall standard of their behaviour

44. The nursery and reception children are completely at ease in class and are able to concentrate for increasing periods as they take part in the various activities. They behave well and complete their work with genuine enthusiasm and understanding. During ‘Ysgol Dina ‘ sessions they relate well to each other and discuss their feelings with ease.

45. Oldford School, Welshpool, School Inspectors report 2007 • During PSE sessions, with puppets Dina and Wally, children showed exceptional sensitivity to the problems of others and how difficulties might be resolved

46. Ysgol Bro Lleu (2008) Pupils’ spiritual, moral, social and cultural development is fostered very effectivelyby a coherent strategy which incorporates and brings together aspects of thecurriculum, personal and social education, circle time, services, the use of the‘Webster-Stratton’ scheme and procedures for promoting good behaviour anddeveloping emotional intelligence. The strategy ensures that there is progressionand balance across the school and the manner in which it is implemented is anoutstanding feature of the school.

47. Gwynedd (2008) The local authority has adopted the Webster-Stratton programme in all its primaryschools to target poor behaviour . . . As a results, incidences of challenging behaviourin primary schools have reduced

48. Latest development: school based small group Dina programme Additional academic skill coaching for high-risk children may not be effective without basic social and emotional competencies Many schools in North Wales have teachers trained in IY TCM and deliver the IY Classroom Dina Curriculum Would an additional dose of the Dino curriculum delivered in the small group therapeutic format help them?

49. The Bro Lleu trial The idea was piloted in one school Teachers and classroom support staff trained to deliver it Trial of 10 sessions Results showed children in cause for concern range benefited Gwynedd partnered with us to get funds for a larger RCT

50. Current Dina trial £400k from Lottery grant 22 schools, three counties trained teachers and classroom support staff, supply cover funded 225 KS1 children identified by teacher SDQ as ‘cause for concern’ Randomly allocated 1:1 to intervention or W/L control All materials and supervision Trial is ongoing but enthusiasm from teachers