The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation To Reform  to change for the better

2. Started even prior to “official” start of Reformation. • John Wycliffe – (1328-1384) • English theologian • Lollard movement • Secular Language Bibles / Council of Constance • Influenced Jan Huss – died of stroke • Jan Huss – (1369-1415) • Bohemian priest • Reformer of the church’s policies • Crusades run by church against “Hussites” • De Eclessia – written in 1413 • Burned at Stake in 1415

3. Word Protestant • Word “Protestant” is first used for dissenting German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529 • Protestant – “Protest”

4. Problems with the Church • Conciliarism • Marsilius of Padua  DefensorPacis [Defender of the Peace] • Attacked papal authority • The Christian community is the sum of ALL its parts! • Development of personal devotions  suspicion of clergy • Greed of secular leaders  1/3 of Europe  church land • Papal need for money  indulgences • Printing Press

5. Indulgences • Letter of Forgiveness for crimes/sins • Ticket into heaven for yourself or family members

6. A. Cultural • Better educated, urban populace was more critical of the Church than rural peasantry • Renaissance monarchs were growing impatient with the power of the Church • Society was more humanistic and secular • Growing individualism

7. England • Notion of the Renaissance Prince • Recent War of the Roses created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty --Henry VIII • The significance of a male heir to the Tudors

8. The Holy Roman Empire • Decentralized politics • Pope successfully challenged the monarch here • New HRE, Charles V, is young, politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Luther’s protest • Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks • Circumstances favor Luther

9. Enter: MARTIN LUTHER • German Monk in Wittenberg, G. • 1517 A.D. – wrote 95 Thesis to protest selling indulgences • Nailed to door of Wittenberg Church

10. Luther troubled by the sale of indulgences • Dominican friar Tetzel was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517 • Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517 • Some of Luther’s complaints • Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate

11. A. Germany (Northern) • Pope pays little attention to the Luther at first • Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication • Luther had attempted assassination at Diet of Worms • Luther goes into hiding in 1521 -- “A Mighty Fortress is our God” • Constraints against the spread of Luther’s ideas • The Peace of Augsburg • The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany

12. The 95 Thesis • Main Ideas: • Salvation can only be granted by God, not the Church • The Bible speaks the word of God, not the Pope • Everyone is equal, so Priests are not more powerful

13. Background • Luther’s early life • Luther’s sense of unworthiness and his fear of God • Luther’s understanding of “passive righteousness” • Luther’s confrontation with the Church • Luther’s marriage to Katherine von Bora

14. (2) Luther’s Teachings • “Sola Fidei” (Salvation by Faith Alone) • “Sola Scriptura” (Authority of the Scriptures Alone) --Luther’s German Translation of the New Testament • The Priesthood of All Believers • All Vocations are pleasing to God

15. Important Idea! • Luther was not trying to cause problems, he was trying to solve them • However, he causes the Peasant Revolt in the HRE – 1524

16. The War of the Roses • 1444-1485 • Dynastic fight after fall of Plantagenet's • House of York v. House of Lancaster over who should be king of England. • York wins early battles in 1450’s and crown under Edward IV. • After most surviving Lancaster descendents died, minor claimant Henry VII challenges after death of Edward VII and wins. • Sets up Tudor dynasty – son Henry VIII

17. The English Reformation • Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon • Henry seeks an annulment • Henry creates the Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it • A “political reformation” only at first • The six wives of Henry VIII

18. The brief reign of Edward VI • The rule of “Bloody” Mary • Return of the Marian exiles to England from Geneva -- “Puritans” • Queen Elizabeth I and the “Via Media” • Star Chamber / Oath of Allegiance • The attack of the Spanish Armada in 1588 • -- Philip II – Mr. Inquisition -- “The Protestant Wind”

19. C. Switzerland

20. Zurich • Very urban, cosmopolitan setting • Reformer Ulrich Zwingli and his Old Testament persona • “Memorialist” view of the Mass • Zwingli also opposed purgatory, clerical celibacy, intercession of the saints, and salvation by works • The death of Zwingli

21. Geneva • John Calvin’s leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564 • Geneva became the model Protestant training center • Stress on order and rigorous adherence to God’s law • A “Quasi-theocracy” • Predestination • Self-discipline and the “Protestant Work Ethic”

22. Background • More of a scholar than Luther • More of a systematic thinker than Luther • Calvin’s Institutes (1536) • Early legal training • Clear-cut moral directives for living • Relied on Scripture and Augustine primarily for his ideas

23. Teaching • Predestination • The right of rebellion --English Civil War • More of a stress on works than Luther • Divine calling to all sorts of vocations • The “invisibility” of the True Church • Government serves the Church --Michael Servetus • Just war position • Calvin’s positions on communion and baptism

24. Scotland • John Knox started in Scottish reform movement • Eventually moved to Switzerland and learned from Calvin. • Brought that to Scotland – started them down the path to Scottish Reformation and Presbyterianism – a mix of Calvinism and Enlightenment.

25. Other Parts of Western Europe • No Protestant inroads into Spain or Italy • Protestantism succeeded only where it was urban and supported initially by the nobility • After 1540, no new Protestant territories outside of the Netherlands • Most powerful European nations were Catholic • Protestants were feuding with each other

26. C. Radical Reformers

27. Desire to return to the primitive, first-century Church • High standard of morality valued and pursued • Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants • The descendants of the “Anabaptists” • Ardent missionaries who were harassed for their zeal

28. (2) Teaching • Free will—all can be saved • Adult, “believer” baptism • Social and economic equality • Pacifism • Separation of Church and State • Unity of the “visible” and “invisible” Church • Stressed role of the Holy Spirit in the life of the believer— “inner light” • Simplicity of life and millenarianism—living in the last days • Puritans!

29. V. The Counter-Reformation: The Catholic Response

30. Ingredients • Reformation shaped the form and rapidity of the Catholic response • Council of Trent (1545-1563) • The Society of Jesus (“Jesuits”)—1534 --Ignatius Loyola • The Inquisition • The Index • Renewed religious emotionalism --Baroque Art • Religious warfare and a new Bible

31. VI. Results of the Reformation • Germany was politically weakened and fragmented • Christian Church was splintered in the West • 100 Years of Religious Warfare • Right of Rebellion introduced by both Jesuits and Calvinists • Pope’s power increased • Furthered societal individualism and secularism • Growing doubt and religious skepticism

32. VI. Results of Reformation (cont) • Political stability valued over religious truth • Calvinism boosted the commercial revolution • Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600’s --Between 1561-1670, 3000 people in Germany, 9000 people in Switzerland and 1000 people in England were executed as witches • Possible reasons for this witchcraft craze

33. Wars of Religion • During this time period – governments began to use religion as a way to gain power. • Key Wars • German Peasants War (1525) • Schmalkaldic League (1547) • Eighty Years War of the Low Countries (1568-1648) • French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) • Thirty Years War ( • War of the Three Kingdom – England, Scotland, Ireland. (1639 – 1651)

34. The Holy Roman Empire • German Peasant Wars (1525) – response to Luther • Schmalkaldic War (1546-47) – Schmalkaldic League: Lutheran princes revolt. Charles V wins, but is forced to sign Peace of Augsburg later. • Eighty Years War of the Low Countries – Dutch revolts against Catholic Spain – protestants mad at Philip II and Hapsburg rule. • Constant Guerilla War against Spain led to independence – killed banking cash cow…

35. Thirty Years War • The religious “war to end all wars” • Not entirely religious – very much secular. • H.R.E. a fragmented religious state – division of power b/c of inheritance • League of Evangelical Union 1608 • Catholic League in 1609 • Dutch Revolt continues in 1612 • Maximillion of Bavaria rejected by nobles • Defenestration of Prague

36. Phases of the War • 1. Bohemian Period: 1618-25: Bohemia rebelled against Catholic H.R.E. – included Ottomans supporting Protestants • Spanish come in to help Catholics and push back protestants – crushed and Frederick V resigns • 2. Danish Period: (1625-29): Danes invade to protect holdings – lost early support and lost to Frederick II – Catholic win again.

37. Phases of War • 3. Swedish Intervention: 1630-35: Baron Wallenstein (Bohemia) v. Gustavus Adolphus (Sweden) • Swedes bring “New Model Army” concept, win ½ of empire back. • Adolphus killed in battle – Swedes sign treaty • 4. French Intervention: 1635-48: • French unhappy with results – enter war • War now secular – Catholic France against Catholic Hapsburgs – Protestants “win”

38. Consequences • Peace of Westphalia • Redrew boundaries of Europe • Established that religion was not parallel: secular leaders and religious leaders now separate • Netherlands / Switzerland made independent • Changed nature of war in Europe • Mercenary soldiers out of vogue b/c of destruction • National armies formed • Hapsburgs lose power they never gain back.

39. Other Consequences • Armies made money by pillaging b/c of nature of mercenaries • Population wiped out in Germany – upwards of 25%-40%. • Destruction of property and value • Epidemic conditions raged around Saxony and Bohemia

40. France • King Francis I was initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his ideas stayed in Germany • Protestantism made illegal in France in 1534 • Persecution of the Huguenots • Politically a fight between the Bourbons (Huguenots) and Guises (Catholics) • Massacre of Vassey – 1562 • Catholic League

41. The French Wars of Religion • St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • Charles IX • Catherine de Medici – Queen Mother • Henry of Navarre (Bourbon) to marry Margaret of Valois (Guise) • Admiral de Coligny assasinated • Parisians riot • King Henry – Edict of Nantes (1598)

42. War of the Three Kingdoms • England always had a complex relationship with Wales, Ireland, and Scotland • Robert the Bruce (Scotland) • Treaty of Perpetual Peace (Scotland) • Marcher Lords (Wales) • “King of Ireland” – Henry VIII • England = Protestant / Scotland = Catholic and Presbyterian / Ireland = Hyper – Catholic • Mary Queen of Scots – executed by Eliz. I

43. How it started? • The Tudors had been declared King in Ireland and Elizabeth and Mary kept trying to pacify them. • Took away land, took away titles, encouraged colonies in Ulster • In 1603 when Elizabeth I died, power transferred to James I (Stuart) of Scotland – first time one king owned all three territories.

44. The Stuarts Failed “hopes” • 1605 – Gunpowder Plot – Guy Fawkes = no more Catholics in gov’t. • Remember, Remember the 5th of November • James I was outwardly protestant and gained more control over Scotland with Bishops, liturgical changes. • His son, Charles I, crowned in 1639. • Catholic Issues… • 30 Years War – Parliament upset – New Parliament – • Peition of Right

45. English Civil War • Sought campaign to unite Scotland and England – Parliament Refused / Irish Catholic army to be raised • Charles dissolves “short Parliament” • Charles can’t win – needs money – “Long Parliament’ – failure to capture “the five” • Cavaliers and Roundheads • New Model Army • Oliver Cromwell – King executed in 1649

46. Oliver Cromwell and the Lord Protector • 1653 - Cromwell declares himself “Lord Protector” and makes himself as a dictator • “No Fun” hyper protestant England – Rump Parliament • Cromwell invades Scotland and Ireland. • Irish / English conflict lead to appx. 30% of Irish population dying. • Cromwell dies – son takes over – not well. • The Restoration – 1660 – Charles II comes back.

47. Final Resolution • English never resolved religious issues – kept going to James II who was Catholic and allowed religious toleration. • Son James born and it looked like a long term English Catholic monarchy • In 1688 – William of Orange and Mary Stuart invaded and was invited by the Parliament to take over. • James defeated in one battle and left. • Glorious Revolution • English Bill of Rights / Constitutional Monarchy

48. In the End… • July 1706 – Act of Union