Cambridge IGCSE Biology Extended Level

1. ClickBiology Cambridge IGCSE BiologyExtended Level Cells

2. You should be able to: • Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts. • Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells. • Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells. • Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.

3. cell membrane nucleus cytoplasm DNA A section through a liver cell (animal cell): controls what enters and leaves the cell contains the DNA and so controls the cell metabolic (chemical) reactions occur here contains the coded instructions to make proteins

4. chloroplast large sap vacuole cellulose cell wall Section through a palisade cell of a leaf (plant cell) cell membrane nucleus cytoplasm

5. You should be able to: • Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts. • Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells. • Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells. • Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.

6. Comparing animal and plant cells

7. You should be able to: • Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts. • Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells. • Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells. • Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.

8. Red blood cells transport oxygen cytoplasm contains no nucleus cell surface membrane allows more room for haemoglobin cytoplasm contains haemoglobin haemoglobin is a protein which carries the oxygen molecules bi-concave disc shape increases surface area over which absorption of oxygen can occur

9. cell surface membrane nucleus protein strands Muscle cells contract and enable movement of the body muscle Muscle cells have many nuclei The strands of protein slide over each other making the muscle cell (fibre) shorter and causing the muscle to contract

10. Ciliated cells move bacteria and dust away from the lungs cilia Cilia are small extensions of the cell. They beat rhythmically to sweep mucus, which has trapped bacteria and dust, away from the lungs nucleus magnification X3000

11. Xylem vessels transport water and minerals up the plant xylem vessels are continuous tubes xylem vessel no cytoplasm hollow: allows for continuous flow of water and dissolved mineral ions lignin water-proof and strong; helps support the plant longitudinal section cross-section

12. Root hair cells absorb minerals and water from the soil Cross-section of a root hair cell cell membrane semi-permeable, so will allow water and mineral ions into the cell cytoplasm contains no chloroplasts as no photosynthesis is needed root hair increases surface area for absorption of water and mineral ions

13. You should be able to: • Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts. • Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells. • Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells. • Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.

14. Animal tissues: Tissues found in the leaf muscle tissue nervous tissue upper epidermal tissue palisade mesophyll tissue spongy mesophyll tissue lower epidermal tissue Cross-section of a leaf A tissue is a group of cells of similar structure that perform a shared function

15. An organ is a structure made of a group of tissues working together to perform specific functions Plant organs include the stem and the leaves heart liver lungs stomach kidneys brain

16. An organ system is a group of organs that coordinate to perform related functions In plants the shoot is an organ system consisting of leaves and the stem lymphatic system digestive system endocrine system reproductive system skeletal system circulatory system respiratory system excretory system muscular system nervous system

17. largest smallest Levels of organisation organ systems cell tissue organ organism nerve cell nervous tissue brain nervous system Homo sapiens

18. Now you should be able to: • Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts. • Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells. • Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells. • Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.

19. Now write down everything you remember from the presentation • Don’t refer to your text book straight away, see what information you have retained. • Check the notes you have made by checking your book.

20. Edexcel AS Level Biology ClickBiology Next video: Transport into and out of the cell (diffusion, osmosis and active transport)