Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars

1. Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars

2. Renewed Religious Struggle • shift from central to western Europe; Lutherans/Zwinglians to non-Lutheran Protestants • equally dogmatic, aggressive, and irreconcilable church systems • religious pluralism • first adopted by intellectuals; eventually by politicians and leaders – politiques • wars of religion were internal national conflicts and truly international wars

3. The French Wars of Religion • persecution of French Protestants – Huguenots • appease Charles V • reaction to anti-Catholic rhetoric; Edict of Fontainebleau and Chateaubriand • power shift from France to Spain because of death of Henry II and competition between the Bourbon, Montmorency-Chatillons and Guises families for political dominance

4. Appeal of Calvinism • ambitious aristocrats and discontented townspeople joined Calvinist churches; secular and religious motives mixed

5. Catherine De Medicis and the Guises • Queen mother Medicis tried to reconcile Protestant and Catholic factions • January Edict; massacre at Vassy starts French wars of religion • The Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye • Acknowledged the power of Protestant nobility, granted Huguenots religious freedoms within their territory and the right to fortify their cities • Crown caught between fanatical Huguenot and Guise extremes

6. The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre – made the religious struggle in Europe an international struggle for survival • Protestant Resistance Theory • Calvin condemned willful disobedience and rebellion against constituted governments as un-Christian unless one was a lawful part of a tyrannical government • John Knox – First Blast of the Trumphet against the Terrible Regiment of Women • Francois Hotman – Franco-Gallia; Theodore Beza – On the Right of Magistrates over Their Subjects; Plessis Mornay – Defense of Liberty against Tyrants

7. The Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre • Henry III steered a middle course between the Catholic League and the Huguenots; sought alliances with people who put political survival above religious unity • Peace of Beaulieu fails; Day of the Barricades fails; alliance struck with Henry of Navarre • Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV and eventually brings peace to France

8. The Edict of Nantes • Treaty of Vervins ends hostilities between Spain and France • Granted Huguenots freedom of public worship, right of assembly, admission to public offices and universities, and permission to fortify towns

9. Imperial Spain and Philip II: Pillars of Spanish Power • Philip II – son of Charles V; heir to Habsburg kingdom • New world riches • Increased population • Inflation; large gap between Spanish classes • Efficient Bureaucracy and Military • Organized lesser nobility; “pen” management; pious Catholic; patronage of arts • Supremacy in the Mediterranean • Catholic Europe’s champion against Islam • Union with Portugal

10. The Revolt in the Netherlands • Cardinal Granvelle – Council of State in Netherlands; continue Spanish dominance and political centralization • Count of Egmont and William of Nassau (Prince of Orange) – led opposition to Spanish plans • The Compromise • Compromise – pledge to resist Council of Trent and Inquisition

11. The Duke of Alba • Sent to crush Protestant rebellion in Netherlands (with Papal support) • Council of Troubles (Blood) – Reign of Terror; “tenth penny tax” • Resistance and Unification • Led by William of Orange; independence movement merge with Calvinists • Rebellion sparked by anti-Spanish sentiment; flooding of country

12. Pacification of Ghent • Spanish Fury led to united front against Spain; all provinces unite under Union of Brussels • Perpetual Edict ended Spanish dominance of Netherlands • The Union of Arras and the Union of Utrecht

13. Netherlands Independence • Orange bounty; Apology • French Duke of Alencon becomes “sovereign”; ends after overreach • Spanish efforts to reconquer fails because of preoccupation with England and France • Twelve Year Truce; Peace of Westphalia

14. England and Spain (1553-1603)

15. Mary I • Married Phillip of Spain; lost Calais. • Reverted to Catholicism and persecuted Protestants; refugees exposed to more radical ideas.

16. Elizabeth I • Assisted by Sir William Cecil--built true kingdom • Subordinated religious to political unity; Anglican church • Act of supremacy; Act of uniformity • Thirty-nine articles--moderate Protestantism (Thomas Cramner)

17. Catholic and Protestant extremists • Elizabeth focused on middle way; helped by Archbishop Matthew Parker • Used possibility of royal marriage as political tool; never married. • Showed little mercy to those who threatened her rule. • Puritans--two grievances. • Retention of Catholic ritual; continued Episcopal system of governance. • Worked through Parliament for reform (Presbyterians) • Congregationalist faced exile or death.

18. Deterioration of relations with Spain • Spanish Duke of Alba occupies the Netherlands; Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth • English pirates occupy port of Brill; England signs defense pact with France. • Elizabeth sole protector of Protestants in France/Netherlands--Treaty of Nonsuch • Mary, Queen of Scots • Mary Stuart becomes Queen of Scotland; watched by reformer John Knox • Public scandal forces her to flee to England; caught up in conspiracy and beheaded

19. The Armada • Pope Sixtus withdrawals opposition to Spanish invasion of England. • Sir Francis Drake attacks Spanish ports delaying Spanish Armada's movement. • England crushes the Spanish Armada • Impact • Spain weakened; France dominates continent; England is set to be a global empire

20. Preconditions for the 30 Years War • Fragmentation • Religious Division • Calvinism • Catholic League

21. Four Periods of War • Bohemian Period • Danish Period • Swedish Period • Swedish-French Period

22. Treaty of Westphalia • Major Provisions • Rescinded Edict of Restitution and reasserted the major features of the Peace of Augsburg • Ruler determines religion • Calvinists recognized. • Independence of Swiss confederacy • Independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands • Bavaria becomes an elector state • Pope opposed to the treaty but could do nothing; France and Sweden continue to meddle in German affairs; German division and weakness continues but Prussia and Austria attain international significance during 17th century; Treaty of Pyrennes--France defeats Spain