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Cabrera E. , ITA, Universidad Politécnica Valencia, Spain

Energy for water and water for energy. Cabrera E. , ITA, Universidad Politécnica Valencia, Spain. Valencia, 27 of August, 2009. OUTLINE. Interest of the issue: Water, energy and Climate Water for energy Energy for water. The way forward Energy footprint. The case of California

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Cabrera E. , ITA, Universidad Politécnica Valencia, Spain

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  1. Energy for water and water for energy Cabrera E., ITA, Universidad Politécnica Valencia, Spain Valencia, 27 of August, 2009

  2. OUTLINE Interest of the issue: Water, energy and Climate Water for energy Energy for water. The way forward Energy footprint. The case of California Save water, saves energy and reduces impact. Case study Energy for water is becoming a hot issue Particular conclusions of the case study General conclusions.

  3. Water for energy and Energy for water

  4. Science, February 2008

  5. OUTLINE Interest of the issue: Water, energy and Climate Water for energy Energy for water. The way forward Energy footprint. The case of California Save water, saves energy and reduces impact. Case study Energy for water is becoming a hot issue Particular conclusions of the case study General conclusions.

  6. Water for energy (background) • Energy is a key resource for the human prosperity • Water is a natural resource, necessary for all kind of life. • Water can store gravitational energy, and water gravitational energy stored in large reservoirs can be used for many purposes. Mechanical and hydraulic exchanges energies have been very common since ever. • The first reported waterwheel (kinetic water energy is transformed in gravitational hydraulic energy) was located in the old Ponto kingdom (today Capadocia, Turkey), being Mitrídates its king (I century BC). • In Spain waterwheels have been very common. One of the most famouses ones is “La Albolafia” in Córdoba. • Mechanical energy is converted in hydraulic gravitational energy with the Arquimedes Screw (it was used by the Egyptians).

  7. Water for energy • During the XX century the hydroelectric energy developments have been very impressive. • Spain has built over 1000 dams during the last century. • Hydroelectric energy, although has some environmental problems is a clean and renewal energy. • But today few new hydreolectric schemes are being developed. The main sites are exploited. • Water development versus water management

  8. OUTLINE Interest of the issue: Water, energy and Climate Water for energy Energy for water. The way forward Energy footprint. The case of California Save water, saves energy and reduces impact. Case study Energy for water is becoming a hot issue Particular conclusions of the case study General conclusions.

  9. MOTIVATION: Energy for water First one: oil prices oil prices in 2007 USD$ R+D investments in the IEA countries

  10. MOTIVATION: TWO MAIN FACTS Second one: climate change

  11. OUTLINE Interest of the issue: Water, energy and Climate Water for energy Energy for water. The way forward Energy footprint. The case of California Save water, saves energy and reduces impact. Case study Energy for water is becoming a hot issue Particular conclusions of the case study General conclusions.

  12. Water energy footprint in a sustainable water cycle Water cycle ranges energy requirements (kWh/m3) in California

  13. Water energy in California

  14. OUTLINE Interest of the issue: Water, energy and Climate Water for energy Energy for water. The way forward Energy footprint. The case of California Save water, saves energy and reduces impact. Case study Energy for water is becoming a hot issue Particular conclusions of the case study General conclusions.

  15. Water audit of distribution networks IT IS A HYDRAULIC AUDIT THAT DO NOT TAKES INTO ACCOUNT NOR FINNANCIAL NEITHER ADMINITRATIVE ISSUES. WATER WAYS MUST BE ELL KNOWN

  16. Energy audit of a water distribution network

  17. Energy audit of a water distribution network TO PERFORM THE ENERGY AUDIT A CALIBRATED MATEMATICAL MODEL OF THE NETWORK IS REQUIRED

  18. . Water network example: DATA Complmentary dadta (hourly patterns, emitters, etc. in the paper) • Total pipe length: 40 Km • Water delivered to costumers registered by meters: 1.25 Hm3/year • Water supplied: • 1.25 Hm3/year (non-leaky scenario) • 1.89 Hm3/year (leaky scenario) • Leaked water: • 0.64 Hm3/year, equivalent to 1.82 m3/km/h • Minimum service pressure: 25 m.

  19. Water network example: results Non Leaky network (NO LEAKS) NATURAL =84.84 (38.6%) EI = 219.64 EU = 127.71 (58.15%) EO = 127.71 (58.15%) EL= 0 SHAFT =134.8 (61.4%) EF = 91.93 (41.85%) ED = 91.93 (41.85%) Leaky network NATURAL =129.08 (39.53%) EI = 326.55 EU = 126.48 (38.76%) EO = 194.01 (59.46%) EL= 67.53 (20.70%) SHAFT=197.47 (60.47%) EF = 132.27 (40.54%) ED =132.27 (40.54%) Energy Audit (MWh/year)

  20. Water network example: results Water footprint energy of the distribution step Energy required per m3 (Kwh/ m3)

  21. Step Type Order of magnitude Water supply and conveyance Groundwater 0.35 kWh/m3 per 100 m of elevation Surface Water (0-3) kWh/m3 Water Treatment Desalination Approx. 3.65 kWh/m3 Treatment Approx. 0.04 kWh/m3 Water Distribution Shaft energy Calculated from our energy audit (0.098 kWh/m3 Equivalent credits of carbon. The model water – air model Amount of CO2 emitted to atmosphere per every source of energy Current values of the energy water footprint (from the beginning of the cycle up to the distribution phase)

  22. Results for different scenarios • The water energy footprint up to the distribution step : • Case A(WOA) : 50% by local surface and 50% by groundwater = 0.296 kwh/m3 • Case B (WOB) : water comes from a desalination plant = 3.65 kwh/m3 The distribution step is 0.098 kwh/m3 for both cases. Credit carbons saved

  23. OUTLINE Interest of the issue: Water, energy and Climate Water for energy Energy for water. The way forward Energy footprint. The case of California Save water, saves energy and reduces impact. Case study Energy for water is becoming a hot issue Particular conclusions of the case study General conclusions.

  24. Energy for water is becoming a hot issue COST Exploratory Workshop The Energy-Water Nexus: Managing the Links between Energy and Water for a Sustainable Future 19 - 21 January 2009, Le Châtelain Hotel, Brussels Programme

  25. Energy for water is becoming a hot issue

  26. CONCLUSIONS (I) • The relationship between water and energy must be well understood • The evaluation of the energy water footprint of any water cycle is becoming a crucial issue • Water losses are much more than water lost. It is energy lost as well • To evaluate the energy required by the distribution phase is not en easy task: • The hydraulic audit is the first step • A calibrated mathematical model is required • A network energy audit is necessary. • Reducing losses saves a huge amount of credit carbons

  27. CONCLUSIONS (II) • Invest in research and development • Invest in saving water to save energy • Reduce water sector energy intensity • Improve system flexibility • Provide better price signals • Work together • Coordinate Utilities’ Programs • Renewable Portfolio Standard • Upgrading Infrastructure • Address regulatory challenges • Develop better data and information

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