The Great War Part II: World War II Prelude to The Great Depression

1. (or should we say the “Great War Part II”?) World War II

3. Prelude to The Great Depression • WWI expensive • Two countries relied on American credit: France and Germany

4. October 1929 – Stock Market Crash • International Catastrophe • Americans stopped issuing credit • Germany had no way to pay reparations • France therefore had no money either • U.S. and Germany hit hardest – 1/3 out of work

5. Response • United States • 1932 elected Franklin Delano Roosevelt • Strong political structure allowed for change • Germany (and Italy) • Democratic elective assemblies still shaky • Fascism takes root

6. Fascism – Common Ideas • Destroy the individual in favor of “the people” • Unify society • Not concerned with eliminating identity characteristics such as class or private property • New identity pushed – relied on extreme nationalism and racial identity • Fascism (ideology) • Extreme nationalism • Single party (or person) control • Appeals to middle and upper classes, as well as unemployed (anti-communist) • Law, order and hard work at the expense of individuality • Nazism is a form of fascism, only more racist/anti-Semitic

7. Italy: Rise of Mussolini • 1919 - Founder of the National Fascist Party • “Blackshirts” fought socialist and communist organizations, winning support from factory and land owners • 1921 – many seated in parliament, Mussolini named Prime Minister • As the post-war economy failed to improve, Mussolini seized the opportunity to create a totalitarian regime by 1926

8. Germany: Rise of Hitler • The Weimar Republic replaced Kaiser Wilhelm II after WWI. (last kaiser of Germany) • As Germany's economy collapsed (Treaty of Versailles), people lost faith in the “Reichstag” • Watch this video on the formation of Germany and its two houses of government. • Germany Unification • As head of the Nazi Party, Hitler rose to power inspiring extreme nationalism • Espousing ideas of Social Darwinism and racism, Hitler called for the deportation (later elimination) of Slavs and Jews, and the takeover of Europe by Germans

9. “Fuhrer” • By 1923, Nazis dominated German government • 1933, Hitler became “chancellor” of the Reichstag • Hitler seizes full control of the government, establishing the “Third Reich”, and set out to take over Europe • 1933 – began militarizing in clear violation of the Treaty of Versailles and withdrew from the League of Nations

10. Similarities • Mussolini and Hitler’s Rise to Power • Fear of Communism • Democratic government failed to address economic depression (more so in Germany) • Appeal to Nationalism (it’s everyone else’s fault) • Lack of democratic tradition in respective countries • Used totalitarian means to gain power: terror & intimidation, secret police, censorship, propaganda

11. Totalitarianism • What Fascist Hitler, Mussolini, Franco and Communists Lenin and Stalin all have in common: • Government where state (or one person/party) has ALL the power • While promising liberty, abolishes freedom (press, etc) • Police state • Propaganda vital • Grows usually where democracy fails • Communist and Fascist leaders can be totalitarian rulers

12. Differences • Fascism under Mussolini • Winner in WWI – upset about lack of land granted after war • Heavy taxes to pay for war hurt economy • Inflation due to lack of goods • Less racist/anti-Semitic until end of war • Fascism (Nazism) under Hitler • Loser in WWI – anger at land loss • Reparations to pay after war hurt economy • Inflation due to printing too much money • More racist/anti-Semitic

13. Appeasement • Nations of Europe ignored Hitler’s buildup, fearing another war • Germany and Italy supported Nationalists in Spain under Francisco Franco in overthrowing the Spanish Monarchy and parliamentary democracy, France and Britain turned a blind eye • Germany took back the Rhineland in 1935 • 1937 – German alliance with Japan • 1938 – Germany annexed Austria (Anschluss), threatened Sudetenland • ALL DONE UNDER THE CONCEPT OF “LEBENSRAUM”

14. Lebensraum • The Nazis supported territorial expansionism to gain Lebensraum • A law of nature for all healthy and vigorous peoples of superior races to displace people of inferior races • Especially if the people of a superior race were facing overpopulation in their given territories

15. Munich Conference of 1938(more appeasement) • 1938 – Hitler, Mussolini, Neville Chamberlain (PM of England) all in attendance • Hitler given Sudetenland without the consent of the Czechs, as long as expansion stopped • Expansion stops (for 1 whole year!) before Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia

16. Hitler Vocab Wkst – READ your copy and follow directions on the notes

17. European Response • Britain and France signed a non-aggression pact with Greece, Turkey, Romania and Poland as Italy invaded Albania • Germans signed the Nazi-Soviet pact, insuring the Soviets would not intervene in German affairs, and a plan for dividing up parts of Europe between the both of them • Secret agreement to split Poland • Sept. 1939, Germany invaded Poland

18. Guess What Happened Next?(Alliances – Not Again!!) Allied Powers Axis Powers • Great Britain • France • Later – Soviet Union and U.S. • (non-aggression pact with Greece, Turkey, Romania and Poland) • Germany • Italy • Japan • (non-aggression pact – Soviet Union)

19. World War II: Tens of Millions Dead • Eastern Europe - Germany’s “blitzkrieg” devastating. Within 10 days Poland divided between Germany and Russia • Blitzkrieg is “lightening war” where a dense concentration of armored tanks and troops backed up by close air support

20. “Phony War” • Western Europe - 1939- April, 1940 - British and French strategy – await a German attack (defensive war) behind the “Maginot Line” along the Franco-German border • Maginot Line: series of fortifications along the border of Germany/France. • Germany went around and through ______________________________________ (you know this!)

21. Battles of France and Britain • Maginot Line failed to protect the border between France and Belgium • April, 1940 – Germany attacked Holland and Belgium, then France (Vichy Regime – Marshall Petain), controlling most of continental Europe by June • The British military was spared due to the evacuation at Dunkirk • Next stop for Germany: Great Britain itself

22. A Word about the Vichy Govt • Marshal Petain, savior of France at Battle of Verdun (WWI) in charge • After Germany invades and embarrasses the “best world army of the time” he pulls France out of the war and creates Authoritarian government=Vichy Regime • Collaborates with German occupying forces in exchange for not dividing France • Germany kept French soldiers • Rounded up Jewish and other “undesirables” • Backlash against Vichy France for collaborating with the enemy

23. Charles de Gaulle • Charismatic General who wasn’t a “defeatist” like most other French generals and Petain • Issues a call for French soldiers in colonies to form a new French army • Wanted to retrieve their national honor • Labeled as a traitor • Eventually de Gaulle and the Maquis (French resistance) fought both Germany and the Vichy Government.

24. Winston Churchill • Hitler anticipated peace negotiations with its “German” brother • Resolute and fierce Prime Minister Winston Churchill refused a deal with Germany • “Nothing to offer but Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat” • Only goal for Britain was to “wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime” • 1940 – Battle of Britain – air bombing campaign by Hitler (Luftwaffe), bravely fought by the British with the help of radar

25. The Battle of Britain • German Air Force, the Luftwaffe, had many more planes and trained pilots • British radar, developed at Cambridge University detected oncoming planes and gave an advantage. • British plans also better than the German planes. • Also, Britain had cracked the German secret military code. • German air force led by a drug addicted Hermann Goring

26. The Blitz • Began bombing British towns instead of military bases • This bombing of cities is The Blitz • Germany realized they couldn’t take Britain • Refocused goals on Russia

27. The Holocaust-what you need to know for this test • Anti-Semitism is at the heart of Nazi ideology • Nuremberg Laws-deprived citizenship and forced Jews to wear yellow Star of David • Kristallnacht – “Night of Broken Glass” when glass from Jewish stores and homes were broken • Significance – proved that Germans were interested in eliminating the Jews

28. The Jewish Question • When Germany wasn’t able to defeat Russia, they still diverted resources to exterminate the Jews instead of focusing the resources on Russia • Poland had largest concentration of Jews – was the site of most of the concentration camps • The Final Solution – slaughtering of the Jews in concentration camps

29. 1941 Other Regions of the “Atlantic (European) Theater”

30. North Africa and the Balkans • Italy attacked and later defeated Greece with the help of Germany (remember the Mussolini video) • Erwin Rommel, the “Desert Fox”, controls North African war • The takeover of the Balkan state violated the pact with Russia who was promised the Balkan state an earlier non-aggression pact • Germany moved into Russia, relieving pressure on the British

31. 1941 Pacific Theater

32. 1941 - Pacific Theater • Japan invaded Indochina and the US issued sanctions • Japan entered the Tripartite Pact with Rome and Berlin • Japan bombs Pearl Harbor after the US refuses to lift sanctions • US declares war on Japan, Germany declares war on US

33. Japanese History: A Quick Review • By 1905: Kicked out the Europeans (again), Industrialized, defeated China and Russia for territory • Fought with allies in WWI, economy and military was thriving • By 1930, severely impacted by the Great Depression; Claimed “empire building” would help Japan economically • 1931 – Invaded Manchuria, withdrew from the League of Nations, signed the Anti-Comintern pact with Germany in 1936 • 1937 Invaded China – “Rape of Nanjing” (250,000 slaughtered)

34. 1941-1942 • Allies fought Japan in the Pacific, and Germans and Italians in Africa • US secretly worked on Manhattan Project

35. Finally – An Allied Assault • 1943 - US and Britain begin offensive in Italy • 1944 – British, Canadian and US forces land on the beaches of Normandy, France (D-Day), with the help of French forces liberate France • Meanwhile – 1942, Red Army defeated the Germans at Stalingrad and advance west for the next 3 years • 1945 - Hitler closed in on from the eastern and western fronts, reaching Berlin – Hitler commits suicide

36. War in the Pacific • Battle of Midway cripples Japan • Dragged on a few more months as the allies defeated Japan from island to island at a great economic and human cost • Japanese refused to surrender, President Truman reasons that dropping an atomic bomb was the answer to ending a prolonged war

37. The Atomic Bomb • August 6, 1945 – dropped on Hiroshima, 100,000 died immediately, Japan refused to surrender • August 9 a second bomb is dropped on Nagasaki and Japan surrenders • The impact of the bomb continues to be felt years later

38. Atomic Bomb =

39. Three Turning Points of the War • Battle of Britain • US Enters the war • Russian invaded by Germany • Can you discuss why these are turning points?

40. Consequences • Holocaust revealed, sympathy for a Jewish state rose sharply • The peace settlement made the US and the Soviet Union superpowers • Europe torn to shreds, US institutes the Marshall Plan • Decline of Colonialism • Changes for Women • Creation of International Organizations • United Nations • World Bank • International Monetary Fund • General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs • And THE COLD WAR

41. Nuremberg Trials • November 20, 1945 – October 1, 1946 • Hitler and Goebbels committed suicide; Goring swallowed poison in his cell • Leading industrialists, military commanders, judges and ppl involved in Final Solution faced trial • Significance-first time leaders are held responsible for their “crimes against humanity” Crimes are committed by men, not abstract entities • Model for future International Courts

42. Goring

43. Quite a different scene from Hitler’s Nuremberg Rally 1933

44. Nuremberg Rally 1933

45. View “Triumph of the Will”movie trailer. Director Leni Riefenstahl

46. The Marshall Plan • US will give economic aid to countries in order to prevent the spread of communism • Used WITH the Truman Doctrine • Aid to Turkey and Greece (monetary AND military) to prevent Soviet control • Considered the start of the Cold War

47. Windows to the HolocaustGraphic pictures to follow