Biology EOC Review

1. Biology EOC Review

2. Table of Contents • Goal 1: Scientific Method • Goal 2: The Chemistry of Life • Goal 3: Genetics & Heredity • Goal 4: Unity & Diversity of Life • Goal 5: Ecological Relationships

3. Goal 1: Experimental Design Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (in this case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Group A is given 1 cup of the special juice to drink while they work. Group B is given 1 cup of water. After an hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. Group A made 2,113 stacks, Group B made 1,587 stacks.

4. What is Smithers trying to find out? • Smithers is trying to find out if drinking the juice will increase the amount of stapling that can be accomplished. • List 3 variables that would have to be a constant in this experiment. • Type of juice, amount of juice, types of staplers, etc.

5. Which variable is the independent variable? • Juice is the independent variable. • Which variable is the dependent variable? • Amount of stacks of papers stapled is the dependent variable. • Is this experiment valid? Explain? • This appears to be a valid experiment. There is a good sample size, it is controlled and it tests a single variable.

6. Experimental Design • Lisa is working on a science project. Her task is to answer the question: "Does Rogooti (which is a commercial hair product) affect the speed of hair growth". She uses her family members for this experiment and measures each person’s hair growth each day for a week. Lisa has Bart use 10 mL of the product twice a day and his hair grows 9 cm. Lisa has Homer use 20 mL of the product once a day and his hair grows 2 cm. Lisa has her sister Maggy use 5 mL of the product 4 times a day and her hair grows 12 cm. • This is an example of an experiment that is not valid.

7. a. Describe 3 reasons why this experiment is not valid. • Different volumes used, sample size is small, amount of times used are all different. • b. Describe how you would change this experiment to make it valid. • Use the same amount of product on every subject. Increase the number of subjects. Give it the same number of times each day.

8. Experimental Design • An experiment was performed to determine how much fertilizer was needed to produce the most pumpkins on the vine.

9. What is the problem? • Amount of fertilizer needed. • What is the independent variable? • Amount of fertilizer given. • What is/are the dependent variables? • Amount of pumpkins produced. • What were/are the constant(s)? • Type of seed, water, sun, soil type.

10. What is the control and why? • The plants that had no fertilizer because it would show the effect of fertilizer. • How much fertilizer would you use to grow the most pumpkins? • 200 grams

11. Experimental Design • A test was conducted to determine the highest possible soda geyser when placing Mentos into the soda.

12. What is the problem and the question in the above experiment? • Trying to determine the # of Mentos it takes to create a geyser in diet soda. How many Mentos does it take to make the tallest geyser? • What is the independent variable? • Number of Mentos • What is/are the dependant variable(s)? • Height of geyser. • What were/are the constant(s)? • Type of soda, amount of soda, temperature of surroundings, temperature of beverage, day the Mentos were dropped.

13. What is the control and why? • No Mentos in Soda A. It would show that the geyser was the result of Mentos. • Using the information above, would you drop 9 Mentos into the diet soda? Explain why or why not. • No…..9 Mentos produced the same result as 6 Mentos. It would not make a higher geyser.

14. Goal 2: Chemistry of Life • What is an organic compound? • An organic compound has carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen. Organic biomolecules are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. • What is an inorganic compound? • Any compound that does not contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen.

15. CARBOHYDRATES • Subunits • monosaccharides are the monomers • Function • energy storage – source of quick energy • Contains which elements out of CHNOPS? • CHO • Examples • Glucose, Sucrose, Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin

16. LIPIDS • Subunits • triglycerides contain 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains; unsaturated fats have C=C double bonds; saturated fats do not • Function • Energy storage; insulation • Contains which elements out of CHNOPS? • CHO • Examples • Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids

17. PROTEINS • Subunits • amino acids build polypeptide chains; proteins are made of one or more polypeptide chains • Function • proteins form structure (hair, skin,nails, hemoglobin) and also function as enzymes • Contains which elements out of CHNOPS? • CHNOS • Examples • Enzymes such as amylase, sucrase, lactase; Structure such as keratin, hemoglobin

18. NUCLEIC ACIDS • Subunits • nucleotides (sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base) • Function • carry instructions for the genetic code • Contains which elements out of CHNOPS? • CHNOP • Examples • DNA, RNA

19. Explain the function of the following: • Starch • plant polysaccharide; stored energy • Cellulose • plant polysaccharide that forms cell fibers • Insulin • hormone that changes blood glucose to glycogen to be stored in the liver • Glycogen • polysaccharide in animal cells • Enzymes • proteins which act as catalysts in living systems

20. Glucose • monosaccharide sugar; reactant in cellular respiration to produce ATP; product of photosynthesis • Hemoglobin • protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen • Fats • stored form of energy in animals; insulation • DNA • nucleic acid in chromatin; contains hereditary info in the sequence of nucleotides • RNA • ribonucleic acid made as a transcript of DNA to code for a specific protein

21. Match the test with the organic molecule • Test for Lipids • translucent spot with oil on brown paper • Test for Simple Sugars • Benedict’s test (turquoise blue solution turns orange when heated in the presence of glucose) • Test for Proteins • Biuret test turns purple in the presence of protein • Test for Starches • Starch turns blue-black with iodine

22. List the function and describe the structure of the following organelles: • Nucleus • Spherical structure that contains chromatin (DNA); therefore the control center of the cell • Plasma membrane • Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell; it is selectively permeable • Cell wall • Rigid structure which surrounds a plant cell or bacteria or fungi cell (as well as some protists!)

23. Mitochondria • Oval structure with highly folded inner membrane; cellular respiration occurs here to produce ATP • Vacuoles • Membrane bound organelles that act as storage for food or water. Water vacuoles in plant cells are large and maintain the turgor pressure for the cell. • Chloroplast • Membranous organelle where photosynthesis occurs. • Ribosomes • Nonmembranous organelle where protein synthesis occurs both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

24. Explain how a compound light microscope works. • Magnification through a series of lenses. • Draw the way a lowercase letter “e “ would look under a microscope: • Upside down and backwards. • How do you determine total magnification? • Ocular lens x Objective lens e

25. List the hierarchy of cell organization from largest to smallest below • Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle. • How is the structure of the cell related to its function? Give 2 examples with drawings. • A nerve cell has long fibers to communicate with other nerve cells. A sperm cell has a tail to swim toward the egg.

26. What is the importance of chemical signals between cells? Give one example. • This allows cells to communicate with each other, cellular proteins control what enters and leaves the cell. • Example: Carrier proteins, blood type proteins; antigen-antibody reactions.

27. What is the purpose of receptor proteins? • Receptor proteins will receive a molecule and send a chemical message or allow the molecule to enter the cell. • What is the purpose of hormones? • Hormones are chemical signals that regulate certain pathways for maintenance of homeostasis.

28. Compare and contrast eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. • Prokaryotic cells (Bacteria) have no organized nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. • Compare and contrast plant cells and animal cells. • Plant cells have a cell wall, large water vacuoles and chloroplasts. Animal cells do not have cell walls, their vacuoles are small and they do not have chloroplasts.

29. List 5 characteristics of living things. • Organization • Reproduction • Growth and Development • Respond to a Stimulus • Maintain Homeostasis

30. What is homeostasis? • Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a balance. • What 4 things need to be maintained when maintaining homeostasis? • Temperature, water, pH and nutrients.

31. What is salinity? • Measure of the salt concentration in water. • How do cells maintain homeostasis? • Cells maintain homeostasis with a selectively permeable membrane.

32. Explain why water is important to cells. • Water makes up about 75 to 90% of cell mass. It is a good solvent and a good temperature regulator as well as transport agent.

33. Define • Active transport • Ability to move molecules against a concentration gradient • Passive transport • Simple diffusion; movement of molecules with their concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) • Diffusion • Movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration • Osmosis • Diffusion of water • Semi-permeable membranes • AKA plasma membranes; do not allow everything to filter through

34. On the line above the arrow, label osmosis or diffusion. To the right of the arrow, draw the end result.

35. diffusion osmosis osmosis

36. Changes in osmotic pressure • Which direction will the water move?

37. The water will move to from the right side of the tube to the left side of the tube. Water diffuses from areas of high concentration of water to areas of low concentration of water. The water level on the left side of the u tube will go up.

38. What is the main source of energy for all cells? • Glucose produced during photosynthesis • How do cells store and use energy (hint- Adenosine…….) • ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

39. What organic molecule is an enzyme? • Enzymes are proteins • What is the function of an enzyme? • Acts as a catalyst in a biochemical reaction • Explain the process of an enzyme binding to the active site of a substrate molecule. • Enzyme + Substrate → Enzyme-Substrate Complex → Enzyme + Product(s) • The active site is specific for its substrate. There are two models (lock-and-key and induced fit). The active site puts the reactant(s) in formation for the proper chemical reaction.

40. How do temperature and pH affect enzymes? • Each enzyme has an optimum temperature and pH that allow it to be most active. Temperature will generally speed enzyme action until it denatures the enzyme protein. pH changes beyond optimum will modify bonding in the enzyme and cause it to change shape. • Can an enzyme be reused? • Yes! The enzyme can be used over and over again.

41. Is an enzyme specific to a particular job? • Yes…i.e. sucrase works on sucrose • Draw an enzyme doing a general job and label the parts. • See enzyme-substrate complex in your book pg162

42. Define • aerobic respiration • aerobic respiration requires oxygen to be present; it produces 36-38 molecules of ATP utilizing the mitochondria membrane system • anaerobic respiration • produces a very small amount of ATP (2); occurs in the absence of oxygen

43. Write the equation for aerobic respiration • C6 H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36-38 ATP • What are the reactants and what are the products of aerobic respiration? • Reactants: C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Products: 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36-38 ATP

44. Write the equation for anaerobic respiration: • C6H12O6→ 2C3H6O3 + 2 ATP • Glucose → Lactic Acid + Energy • What are the reactants and what are the products of anaerobic respiration? • Reactants: C6H12O6 • Products: 2C3H6O3 + 2 ATP

45. What is the equation for photosynthesis? • 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 • What are the reactants of photosynthesis? • 6CO2 + 6H2O • What are the products of photosynthesis? • C6H12O6 + 6O2

46. What organisms carry out aerobic respiration? • All living organisms carry out cellular respiration (even plants) with the exception of a few anaerobic bacteria. • What organisms carry out photosynthesis? • Plants that have chlorophyll pigment.

47. What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? • Temperature • Light • Chlorophyll presence • Concentration of the substrate

48. What factors affect the rate of cellular respiration? • Temperature • Enzymes • Concentration of reactants

49. Which type of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? • Aerobic respiration produces about 36 more ATP than anaerobic respiration.

50. Name and explain the two types of anaerobic respiration. • Alcoholic fermentation produces a net of 2 ATP from the breakdown of glucose through glycolysis and then pyruvate forms alcohol. • Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle tissue when oxygen supply is low. It produces lactic acid and 2 ATP.