Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology • Historical perspective of A&P • Pre-scientific period • Cavemen – intimate knowledge about animal anatomy

2. Scientific period • Mesopotamia – examined the body • Records found on cuneiform tablets • Egypt – did dissection for embalming (but not systematic examination)

3. Eastern (Japan/China) 3000BC Herbalists and acupuncture (anatomy)

4. Grecian period • Hippocrates 460-377 BC • Humoral theory: • health determined by balance of 4 fluids • Blood (red) – liver • Choler – (yellow) – yellow bile – gall bladder • Phlegm – (white) - lungs • Melancholy – (black) - black bile - spleen • Key contribution: disease was natural, not “by the gods”

5. Aristotle 384-322 BC • Dissection (with embryology and zoology) • However, there were errors: • Ex. Brain was for cooling the blood

6. 5) Alexandrian period (322-30BC) • Anatomy rose as a detailed science • However, done via human vivisection of prisoners or with cadavers • Herophilus – described brain structures & spinal cord (vivisection of prisoners) • Erisistratus – father of physiology

7. Renaissance • Leonardo da Vinci – anatomy  cadaver dissection

8. 17th/18th centuries Harvey – demonstrated blood circulation Leeuwenhoek – “father of histology” designed microscope

9. 19th/20th centuries • Explosion of anatomical, histological, physiological and pharmacological discoveries

10. DEFINITIONS • Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts From the Greek words “tomy” to cut and “ana” apart • Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function (systems) • Growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, metabolism, circulation, absorption, excretion, movement

11. Other disciplines arise from A&P • Histology – study of tissue structure • Pathology – disease processes • Pathophysiology – how the body responds to disease • Pharmacology – medicine to repair the imbalance

12. How is any living thing organized? Definitions- 1. Atoms • Macromolecules • Cells • Tissue • Organ • Organ System • Organism-

13. MACROMOLECULES

14. Macromolecules

15. What Elements make up the Human Body? • 4 Elements make up 96.1% of the human body (by mass) • OXYGEN- 65 % in water- used as a gas by every cell to oxidated glucose (cellular respiration) • CARBON- 18.5% primary component of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids • HYDROGEN- 9.5% found in most organic molecules- also influences the pH levels of body fluids • NITROGEN- 3.2% component of proteins and nucleic acids

16. TRACE ELEMENTS (3.9%) • CALCIUM- (1.5%)-salt form found in bones and teeth • PHOSPHORUS- 1 %- salt form found in bones and teeth- also used in ATP • POTASSIUM- (0.4%)ionic form used to transmit nerve impulses • SULFUR- (0.3%)- component of proteins • SODIUM- ( 0.2%) ion used in water balance and conduction of nerve impulses

17. TRACE ELEMENTS (3.9%) • CHLORINE- (0.2%) negative ion in the body- electrolytes and nerve impulses • MAGNESIUM-(0.1%) makes up enzymes used in many metabolic reactions • IODINE- (0.1%)- needed to make functional thyroid hormones • IRON- (0.1%)- in hemoglobin- carries oxygen in the blood

18. Compounds in the Human Body WATER- makes up about two-thirds of the total body weight 4 functions 1. High heat capacity- can absorb and release large amounts of heat without changing temperature -homeostasis of the body temp.

19. WATER • UNIVERSAL SOLVENT- its polarity properties allow it to dissolve solids, liquids and gases. • CHEMICALLY REACTIVE- water is the essential part in hydrolysis reactions which breakdown complex sugars and proteins • CUSHIONING- examples are cerebrospinal fluid that cushion the brain and amniotic fluid that cushion a developing fetus

20. SALTS • Mostly calcium and phosphorus are easily ionized by water and can conduct electrical currents in solution- (electrolytes)

21. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CARBOHYDRATES- sugars, and starches contain C, H, and O in a certain ratio GLUCOSE- monosaccharide that is refered to as “blood sugar” GLYCOGEN- polysaccharide in animals that stores energy- found in the muscles and liver

22. LIPIDS LIPIDS-(fats) contain long chains of C and H PHOSPHOLIPID- 2 fatty acid chains connected to a phosphate head (cell membrane) NEUTRAL FATS- (TRIGLYCERIDES) 3 fatty acid chains connected to a glycerol molecule- (storage of energy) usually found just beneath the skin and around body organs

23. LIPIDS STEROIDS- 4 interlocking rings of C and H CHOLESTEROL- found in cell membrane (keeps its fluid) used to make vitamin D, used to make sex hormones. (estrogen, testosterone)

24. PROTEINS AMINO ACIDS- (26) building blocks of proteins- contains an amine group (Nitrogen atom connected with 2 hydrogen atoms) connected to a long chain of carbons FIBROUS PROTEINS- bind structures together- (tough) examples are Keratin and Collagen

25. PROTEINS GLOBULAR PROTEINS- “functional proteins” that are mobile and perform biological processes Examples are antibodies, hormones (growth hormone and insulin), and enzymes

26. ENZYMES CATALYSTS- speed up a chemical reaction (by lowering the activation energy)without become part of the chemical reaction- Enzymes bind to molecule at specific active sites then release after the reaction. Enzymes are designated with the suffix -ASE

27. NUCLEIC ACIDS NUCLEOTIDES are the building blocks 1. adenine 2. guanine 3. cytosine 4. thymine 5. uracil Form long chains DNA or RNA

28. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE • ATP- provides the chemical energy used in all cells