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Unit 4 - Genetics

Unit 4 - Genetics. Tour of the Basics Web Activity http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/. 12 nov. 13 Nov . Opening Q: What is one thing that you learned from the web-activity yesterday?. Agenda: Central Dogma DNA - RNA - Protein - Trait DNA Structure

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Unit 4 - Genetics

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  1. Unit 4 - Genetics

  2. Tour of the Basics Web Activity http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/ 12 nov

  3. 13 Nov • Opening Q: • What is one thing that you learned from the web-activity yesterday? • Agenda: • Central Dogma • DNA - RNA - Protein - Trait • DNA Structure • HW: Read 4.5-4.7 & 4.10 GQs

  4. Central Dogma

  5. dna • Nucleotide = Basic unit of DNA • Three parts: • Sugar (Deoxyribose) • Phosphate group • Nitrogenous base • Four bases • Adenine • Thymine • Guanine • Cytosine

  6. DNA Structure

  7. Nucleotide to Genome • Triplet – a sequence of 3 nucleotides • Gene – a long string of nucleotides that specifies a protein • Chromosome – spooled-up string of genes packaged in a single unit • Genome – all of the chromosomes of a single organism

  8. Nucleotide to Genome

  9. Base pairs • Bases of nucleotides match up in pairs • A pairs with T • G pairs with C • What can you see in these diagrams that indicate why A-T form bonds and C-G form bonds?

  10. DNA – Base Pairs • Weak bonds hold base pairs together • Allows easy separation of chains for replication

  11. 14 Nov • Opening Q: • What do we call the shape of DNA? • Agenda: • Karyotypes • DNA Isolation • HW: • Read 4.15 + GQs • Participation Quiz tomorrow

  12. Humans have 46 chromosomes • 44 autosomes + 2 sex chromosomes • 23 from each parent Chromosomes

  13. Isolate cells from your subject Treat with a chemical to cause the DNA to coil up into visible chromosomes Photograph the chromosome “smear” Arrange chromosomes according to size Observe the patterns http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/karyotype/ Karyotyping

  14. What observations can you make?

  15. Human sex chromosomes

  16. If a human female is pregnant, what are the odds of her having a boy? Why? Human Sex determination X Y X X

  17. Human/ Chimpanzee KaryotypeComparison

  18. Extract dna from anything (living) • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/extraction/howto/

  19. 15 Nov • Opening Q: • Take out a half sheet of paper for a participation quiz • Agenda: • Participation Quiz • Gel Electrophoresis • HW: • Read 166-7

  20. Participation Quiz • Order the following terms from smallest to LARGEST: Chromosome - Nucleotide - Genome - Gene • What are the 3 components of a nucleotide? • What are the four types of bases in DNA? • How do those bases pair? • What type of bond is formed between the bases in nucleotides- Strong or Weak? • If the sequence of bases on one strand of DNA is ATTACGG, what would be the sequence on the other strand?

  21. Isolate DNA Cut DNA with restriction enzymes Separate DNA fragments according to size by electrophoresis. Stain the DNA to see results DNA Fingerprinting and Electrophoresis

  22. Electrophoresis: Overview • DNA fragments are repelled by the electric current because they are negatively charged. • Smallest fragments of DNA migrate farthest, largest fragments get caught up in the gel. • DNA is visualized with staining

  23. Electrophoresis: A Closer Look A B C D Isolate DNA Cut DNA with restriction enzymes to create restriction fragments - Separate restriction fragments according to size by electrophoresis D C Stain gel to show DNA A B +

  24. http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_int_creatednafp2/

  25. DNA Fingerprinting – an example David and Carolyn want to have a child, but Huntington’s disease runs in David’s family. He doesn’t want to pass this gene on to his children, so he decides to get tested to see if he carries the gene ATTAAC CGGATTTC CGGGGGGATGCCC ATTAAC CGGATTTC CGGCCGGATGCCC David Myers (husband) Carolyn Brigg-Myers (wife)

  26. David obviously has different genes than his wife, Carolyn, and therefore different DNA sequences, and Therefore different RE fragments, as shown on the gel DNA Fingerprinting – an example DNA Ladder Carolyn David

  27. Row 1 = Healthy individual Row 2 = Individual with Huntington’s marker Row 3 = Healthy individual Row 4 = DNA ladder Row 5 = Carolyn Row 6 = David Conclusion?? The Myers Family

  28. 16 Nov • Opening Q: • What does a restriction enzyme do? • Agenda: • Paper simulation of DNA Fingerprinting and Electrophoresis HW: Finish Activity worksheet

  29. African Elephant Mammoth

  30. 19 Nov • Opener • Agenda: • Micropipette practice • Gel Electrophoresis Lab • Homework • Finish Gel Electrophoresis Activity

  31. Micropipettes Really expensive (and precise) eyedroppers

  32. DNA Structure Review

  33. http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos096.htm Careers in Biotech

  34. 26 Nov • Opener: • Why do cells need to copy their DNA? • Agenda: • Intro DNA Replication • DNA Replication Activity • Homework: • Read 4.8 + GQs

  35. DNA Replication – Big Picture • Why? • Cell reproduction • Growth • Repair • Reproduction (single celled organisms) • How? • DNA untwists/unzips • New DNA nucleotides are filled in with their opposite base.

  36. DNA Replication – Details • Transcription factor • Initiator • Topoisomerase • Untwister • Helicase • Unzipper • Single-Strand Binding Proteins • straighteners • DNA Polymerase • builder • Nucleases • repair

  37. 27 Nov • Opener • Can you GIST DNA replication? • Agenda: • Review DNA Replication • Mutations • PCR • Homework: • Read 4.11 + GQs

  38. Natural selection • There is heritable variation within populations • More offspring are born than can survive • Leads to a competition for limited resources • Differential survival based on adaptation Charles Darwin Where does the Variation come from?

  39. Mutation • Mutation is a change in DNA • Result from • mistakes in DNA replication • environmental factors • (UV, X-rays, carcinogens) • Repair enzymes find mistakes in DNA and fix them. • They don’t fix every mistake…

  40. Mutations can be… • Harmful • Change in amino acid sequence  different protein • Can lead to disease, death • Neutral • Mutation doesn’t change amino acid (protein) • Mutation occurs in a section of DNA that does not code for a protein (approx. 95%) • Beneficial • Mutation causes a change that makes the offspring better adapted for survival • Polar bear • Sickle cell disease

  41. PCR • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/pcr/ • http://www.bio-rad.com/evportal/en/US/LSR/Category/2d11dcf8-2dbe-47a5-a1de-8315abd3c17e/Amplification-%2F-PCR

  42. 28Nov • Agenda: • Formative Activity • HW: • Review Tomorrow • Test Friday • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3eAdBHwUr5w

  43. 29 Nov • Agenda: • Review day • HW: • Test Tomorrow

  44. 30 Nov • Agenda: • Unit 4 Exam • HW:

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