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CH 30 Africa and the Middle East

CH 30 Africa and the Middle East. CH 30.1 Independence in Africa. Independence and new nations. Colonial rule in Africa was no longer possible after WWII United Nations charter declares that all colonial people should have the right to self-determination. Ghana. 1957

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CH 30 Africa and the Middle East

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  1. CH 30 Africa and the Middle East CH 30.1 Independence in Africa

  2. Independence and new nations • Colonial rule in Africa was no longer possible after WWII • United Nations charter declares that all colonial people should have the right to self-determination

  3. Ghana • 1957 • First nation to gain independence • Under Kwame Nkrumah • 17 other nations emerged by 1960 including Kenya, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo • Another 11 nations between 1961 and 1965

  4. Algeria • France had granted full independence to Morocco and Tunisia in 1965 • Would not give up Algeria • More than 1 Million French lived there • Guerilla warfare by nationalists • 1962 independence granted

  5. South Africa • Whites had dominated the political system • Descendents of the Dutch (Afrikaners) • African National Congress (ANC) 1912 • Fought against injustice • 1950s - Laws separating whites and blacks were strengthened • Apartheid – “Apartness”

  6. South Africa • 1960 – Police opened fire on peaceful protestors in Sharpeville • 69 killed • 2/3 of which were shot in the back

  7. South Africa • 1962 – ANC leader Nelson Mandela arrested • ANC called for armed resistance against the white government

  8. Pan Africanism • Unity for all black Africans • Regardless of national boundaries • Where did boundaries come from? • Supported by many of the new leaders • Organization of African Unity (OAU) 1963 • 32 African states at first • 53 today – African Union (AU)

  9. Economic Changes • Many new leaders had western educations • Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya) • General Mobutu Sese Seko (DemRep Congo) • Believed in Western Capitalism • Julius Nyerere (Tanzania) • Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) • Sekou Toure (Guinea) • “African Socialism” • Wealth of the country should be shared with the people

  10. Economic Challenges • Many African nations rely on the export of a single crop or natural resource • Liberia – rubber • Nigeria – oil • No development of new industry hurt economies • Relying on imports • Lots of corruption

  11. Economic Challenges • Droughts have forced people into cities looking for jobs • Massive poverty stricken populations live in slums outside the cities

  12. Health Challenges • Slums have no electricity or running water • Complete lack of sanitation • Disease spreads quickly • AIDS • Nearly 2/3 of people who have AIDS live in Africa

  13. Political Challenges • Africa has a history of violent overthrows of governments • Most nations have been ruled by a single person or by the military • Sudan – • Darfur • Arab militias attacked African tribal groups • Tens of thousands killed • Millions fled to refugee camps

  14. Political Challenges • Hutu and Tutsi • Rwanda • Divided population, but Hutu ran the govt • Resented the better treatment that the Tutsi had gotten by colonial govt • 1994 – Civil war • Genocide – est. 500k Tutsis killed • Tutsis took control • Chased Hutus into DRC • As many as 3.5 M may have been killed

  15. New Hopes • Many dictatorships have been replaced with democratically elected leaders today • Idi Amin – Uganda • End of Apartheid • 1994 Mandela elected President • Bishop Desmond Tutu worked to free Mandela and also end apartheid

  16. Society and Culture • Westernization has taken place in the cities of Africa, not so much in the rural areas • Still very traditional in rural areas • Women • Have the right to vote • Most employed in low wage jobs • Many arranged marriages take place

  17. 30.2 Middle East-Geography -Crossroads for the people of Africa, Asia, and Europe -an enormous diversity of people, belief systems, and cultures -oil (brought power-important to global economy) -oil is why countries around the world take an active interest in middle eastern Affairs -limited water supply (conflicts over water rights)

  18. Geography Persian Gulf Strait of Hormuz Suez Canal (important link between Europe and Asia) *****Are all trade routes for petroleum exports to nations around the world

  19. Populations Muslims Sunni (conservative) Shiites (progressive) Kurds (non-Arab Muslims: Syria, Turkey) Jews Christians religious, racial, and cultural prejudices

  20. Israeli/Palestinian conflict People of Arab and Jewish decent fight over homeland. (Jewish Zionist) 1947 United Nations divide Palestine in half creating Israel and Palestine) Arabs did not accept this agreement Wanted to restore Palestine

  21. 1948 Israel invaded by 6 Arab States but were defeated 700, 000 Arabs become refugees with no where to go Refused entry by neighboring Arab countries Refugee camps Growing ethnic tension

  22. PLO-Palestine Liberation Organization (1964) Led by Yasir Arafat Designed to destroy Israel Terrorist attacks on Israel Intifada-violent demonstrations by young Palestinians

  23. SIX DAY WAR 1973-Egypt and Syria launch a war against Israel Acquisition of Golan Heights, West Bank and the Gaza strip by the Israelites As a result of the war oil prices sky rocket OPEC:Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (refused to sell oil to countries friendly with Israel)

  24. Peace Attempt Camp David Accords (1978) Jimmy Carter(USA), Anwar Sadat (Egypt), Prime Minister Menachim (Israel) Israel would return lands taken from Egypt in exchange for peace between the two countries

  25. Peace Attempt Middle East Peace Conference (1991) Oslo Accords (1993)- Itzhak Rabin (Israel) and Yasir Arafat (PLO) gave Palestinians self-gov. over Gaza strip PLO ended opposition to Israel's existence Conflicts remain because of terrorist groups

  26. Iranian Revolution Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeni Restoring conservative Islamic fundamental beliefs Extremely hostile to the West No separation of church and gov. Rights taken away from women Encourage Muslims in other countries to overthrow secular governments

  27. Iran-Iraq war (1980) Sadaam Hussein- dictator in Iraq (Sunni) Border dispute Lasted 8 years – No “winner” Persian Gulf War (1990) 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait and seized its oil fields United States orders a trade embargo or Iraq Iraq refused to withdraw and Kuwait was liberated

  28. The Iraq War 2001 Prove they did not have WMD’s according to United Nations requirements No weapons, but human rights violations discovered Invasion of Iraq and taking down Sadaam Hussein Troops start to leave in 2011 (December)

  29. The Talliban in Afghanistan Imposed strict religious beliefs al Queda-Islamic terrorist group Osama Bin Laden-al Queda terrorist leader War on Terrorism (2001)-goal to stabilize religion and establish democratic government

  30. Continued importance of the Middle East to the global economy is based on its quantity of oil reserves Economic development is limited because of political instability

  31. Israel includes women in all facets of society (democratic) Iran and Afghanistan more traditional women do not have many rights Saudi Arabia women have the right to vote Do not have the right to drive

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