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Nuclear Material Security and Multilateral Agreements

Nuclear Material Security and Multilateral Agreements. Stephan Klement Office of the High Representative’s Personal Representative for WMD non-proliferation, Council of the European Union, Brussels. The nuclear security challenge.

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Nuclear Material Security and Multilateral Agreements

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  1. Nuclear Material Security and Multilateral Agreements Stephan Klement Office of the High Representative’s Personal Representative for WMD non-proliferation, Council of the European Union, Brussels Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21st Century

  2. The nuclear security challenge • Increased availability of sensitive nuclear materials (plutonium economy, excess weapons materials) • Emergence of threats posed by non-state actors • Dissemination of fuel cycle equipment and technology (enrichment, reprocessing, heavy water technology) Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21st Century

  3. A conceptual framework for nuclear material security I. Verification measures Verification of correctness and completeness of nuclear material holdings II. Export control measures Prevention of illicit transfer of nuclear material holdings III. Physical protection measures Protection of nuclear material holdings against theft, sabotage IV. Other confidence building measures  CBMs in the civilian and military nuclear field Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21st Century

  4. I. Verification measures • Article III.1 NPT: NNWS accept safeguards on nuclear materials - Comprehensive safeguards agreements (INFCIRC/153) - 1972 - Additional Protocol (INCIRC/540)  - 1997 • Chapter VII, Euratom treaty: civilian nuclear fuel cycle in all EU Member States under safeguards • Trilateral initiative (Russian Federation/United States/IAEA): verification of classified forms of nuclear material, including weapons components Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21st Century

  5. II. Export control measures • Article III.2 NPT: parties to provide nuclear materials for peaceful purposes only under the condition of safeguards • Zangger Committee (ZC): trigger list • Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG): dual-use list • Wassenaar Arrangement (WA): other sensitive materials and equipment Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21st Century

  6. III. Physical protection measures • Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM) (INFCIRC/274/Rev.1 of May 1980) • Efforts to strengthen CPPNM through expansion of scope are currently underway • Physical protection standards required by export control guidelines Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21st Century

  7. IV. Other confidence building measures • Transparency measures, e.g. adoption of guidelines for plutonium management and declarations on plutonium holdings (INFCIRC/549) • 13 steps for nuclear disarmament (NPT 2000 Review Conference): transparency, irreversibility, reporting Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21st Century

  8. UNSC Resolution 1540 (April 2004) • Calling for adequate measures - to prevent the transfer of sensitive materials and equipment to non-state actors; - to account for sensitive materials and equipment; - to put in place appropriate physical protection of sensitive materials and equipment; - to apply adequate border controls against illicit trafficking in sensitive materials and equipment; - to implement national export, transit, trans-shipment and re-export controls. Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21st Century

  9. EU strategy against WMD proliferation (adopted by the European Council in December 2003) • Enhancing security of proliferation sensitive materials (physical protection, export controls, …) • Supporting multilateral organisations in charge of verification activities - EU Council Joint Action in support of IAEA nuclear security fund (May 2004) - EU Council Joint Action for the physical protection of a nuclear installation in the Russian Federation (November 2004) Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21st Century

  10. Threat Reduction Initiatives • G-8 Global Partnership: disposition of excess weapons-grade plutonium in the Russian Federation and the United States • GTRI: conversion of HEU fuelled research reactors, disposition of spent HEU fuel • Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI): “enforcement of export controls” Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21st Century

  11. Conclusions and Outlook • Nuclear material security as a multi-dimensional challenge: civilian and military aspects and interface • Transparency / Reporting on existing stocks • Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT) Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21st Century

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