Local University of Hualien March 06, 2010 台灣住民之美 Languages and Cultures of Taiwan By

1. Local University of Hualien March 06, 2010 台灣住民之美 Languages and Cultures of Taiwan By Tung-Chiou Huang 美言巧語從我做起、好山好水大家歡喜 Language Centre in National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan 國立 東華大學 語言中心 The University of Reading, Great Britain 英國 雷汀大學 National Centre for Language and Literacy 語言與讀寫能力之國家中心 博士 E-mail: akiyopahalaan@yahoo.com.tw; akiyo@mail.ndhu.edu.tw

2. Fai-aw, Faki-aw Ato Kita Sali-kaka a Ma-polong, Nga’ay ho! Mamanay aca 1.Hiyo hiyo hohayan haoway hahay! (Creator and my dear ancestors. Come down and let’s enjoy your knowledge and wisdom) 2. Hi, hay-hahay! (Yes! Please!)

3. Pa-lecad-en to tanestes no ‘alilis ko mami-tao’-ay. 身為智者必須對社會的變化有敏銳的察覺力及深刻的解讀力! Knowledge is different from wisdom. The former is obtained from receiving education; the latter is achieved through congenital inheritance or natural endowment.

5. Taiwan is a multiracial, multicultural, and multilingual diverse society (Wright, 1998). The circumstances have forced everyone to learn from each other in order to form positive relationships with people from various cultural backgrounds.

6. Hi, everyone! Ciyaba boyi?Sibaw mo?Inavayan!Natarivak sun!Nengi ayso!Mihumisan!Nga’ay ho！Embiyax su hug! Moadringadringayso！Loka suka!

7. Within a multicultural society, education needs to affirm and help students understand their home and community languages and cultures.(費 孝通 教授 箴言)1990年提出'各美其美、美人之美、美美與共、天下大同'的社會Developing Policy and Programs for Multicultural Art Education: Curriculum and Instruction Responsive to Cultural Diversity Sandra C. Dilger Art Education, Vol. 47, No. 4, Cultural University (Jul., 1994), pp. 49-53 (article consists of 5 pages) Published by: National Art Education Association

8. The diversity of languages and cultures allows for much greater adaptability, flexibility and creativity(Crystal, 1999).

9. Contents • Abstract • Introduction • Aboriginal languages and cultures • The folk songs/ Ballads • Conclusion • The Indigenous College at Dong Hwa University

10. Abstract • Taiwan lies midway between Japan and the Philippines. Because of the rich natural resources and the attractive geographical location close to the Malayan Archipelago, the Chinese mainland, and Japan, Taiwan has attracted diverse peoples and nationalities through the centuries.

12. Introduction • History is like a mirror, we can use it to reflect the past and predict the future. Taiwan's unique topographical and geographical position, and its ethnic and linguistic diversity are the factors which constitute its uniqueness in history. • The people of Taiwan are made up of two main different ethnic groups: Han & Austronesian.

13. The Han Chinese consists of the Hoklo speakers, the Hakka people and the Honourable citizens, but it would be much better to identify them as former residents and latter inhabitants in order to differentiate the new residents and the original peoples, 14 official-recognized aboriginal ethnicities of Taiwan.

14. Aboriginal languages and cultures • Although some scholars have suggested that Taiwan is the original homeland of all Austronesian peoples (Li, Paul 1995: 1-16), noting the rule-of-thumb “greatest diversity is found at the origin”, Taiwan’s aboriginal peoples are believed to have come from the Malay archipelago or the south-eastern coast of the Asian continent in different waves about 8,000 years ago at the earliest and less than 2,000 years ago at the latest (Chang, 1995; Li, 1979, 1992, 1995; Tsao, 1999b).

15. There are 14 official-recognized ethnicities of Taiwan, the names of which are Amis, Atayal, Paiwan, Bunun, Puyuma, Tsou, Saisiyat, Rukai, Tau, Thao, Kavalan, Truku, Sakizaya, and Seediq. Numbering 484,000 in 2007, they represent nowadays less than 2% of the total population of Taiwan (http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat).(A proportion similar to the minorities of Australia or Canada in regard to their population)

16. The culture and language of every ethnic group on this island is a crystallization of ancestral wisdom, a priceless asset that should be preserved.

17. 我們擁有的是同樣的一個世界，不同的是人們看待世界的我們擁有的是同樣的一個世界，不同的是人們看待世界的 方法和角度。 『多樣化的台灣之美』 『包容性的台灣人品』 凡走過必留痕跡

18. The Amis • The largest community of aboriginal peoples are the Amis ethnicity. With a population of 172,685 (2007), they form over 38% of the aboriginal peoples living in Taiwan and Orchid Isle. • The two most impressive characteristics of the Amis tribe are the matrilineal society and their social organization through male work ranks.

20. 阿美族人結婚三步曲 Sipihinhin sipihonhon, sipihin naronaro, sipihin naronaroSipihinhin sipihonhon Kasoy-ay to ‘araway, kasoy-ay to ‘araway, Hacowa i ‘araw-en no tao kina tireng.  Dateng-ay to tamana, dateng-ay to tamana, Hacowa i tanam-en no tao kina tireng.  Safel-ay to tatokem, safel-ay to tatokem, Hacowa i kemkem-en no tao kina tireng.

21. ‘araw, ‘araway! 柳安定情, 天賜良緣！Tanam, tamana！ 深情款款，幸福滿滿！Kemkem, tatokem！ 細細咀嚼，恩恩相隨！

22. The Paiwan • The Paiwan live in the southernmost region of the Central Mountain range.The Paiwan have strictly delineated social classes, a stratified social system similar to feudalism that prevailed in China during the Chou dynasty (AD 1066 to 221BC). There are major divisions between the three classes: nobility, gentry and commoners, and then smaller divisions within each class. 甕urn

23. The folk song “Mayamaya azuwa, niyamena azuwa, ‘usini paciwmong anga (You have been booked by my family, and be happy.)” directly indicates the power of delineated social classes and a social stratification system. Masalu!!!Maljimalji!!!

24. The Atayal/Lokah suka • The third-largest ethnicity in Taiwan is the Atayal. They range over a broad area in the Central Mountains, from Taipei County to Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Taichung, Nantou and Hualien Prefectures. Men and women have distinctive facial tattoos in the form of patterns, messages or pictures to distinguish villages and groups. • Religion(Utux) and faith(Gaga)

25. Lokah suka! Limuy limuy linmuy so la, Linmuy so la linmuy yo, (Appreciation) Linmuy so la linmuy yo, Limuy so, linmuy yo, linmuy so, linmuy yo. • Meqoyat kewara Tayal, • Meqoyat kewara Tayal, (Luckiest Ethnicity) • Meqoyat kewara Tayal, • Meqoyat kewara Tayal.

26. The Bunun • They inhabit the central mountain areas, and their territory is second in size only to the Atayal. Millet, their staple crop, is regarded as precious, a symbol of wealth, which can be brewed into alcohol for social and religious purposes. For instance, at a special Millet-Harvesting Festival in July, all the people of the village celebrate and drink this brew from millet.They are the best hunters, and after the hunt, it is time to form a circle to drink and tell their hunting adventures.

27. Mihumisang! • 六大社群:卓、卡、丹、巒、郡、蘭社群 • Hananateitu in hunyan, iya hayan ahey, aya natuhu!Male: Malaina!Female: Aminacici!Male: Hunabu sunataFemale: Amina hanpang

28. Misbusuk saykin, Misbusuk saykin, Sumanay tu madadayngaz, Misbusuk saykin! Aiyo, misbusuk saykin. Maisis lahbing, saykin hudavus! Sawsiya sanavan, Nitu haiyap haiyap tu piya pan hinudan, Aiyo ici dasu! Aiyo ici

29. The Rukai/ Sabaw • They are scattered in the areas along the sources of the Cho-Shui River,….Like the Paiwan, the Rukai have a stratified social system. Their traditional costumes show that they are the descendants of the leopard. The chiefs of the villages wear leopard skin jackets, and use leopard teeth, pig teeth, deer antlers, and eagle feathers for head ornaments.

31. The Puyuma The Puyuma are spread throughout the environs of Peinan rural township and Taitung City. Like the Amis, Puyuma society was organized according to a matriarchal system with property passed down to daughters, with women having the right to make decisions over family affairs and the distribution of money. When young Puyuma males reach twelve or thirteen years of age, they enter the ‘palokuwan’, a system of political authority, which is organized according to age. Under the instruction of the elder ranks, the young males study rituals, obedience, courage, wisdom, humility, patience, self-disciplines and skills like fighting, hunting and farming. Magic plays an important role in their life, and an unfaithful spouse can be subject to spells that lead to sickness and general malaise. Inavayan!!!

32. Pasalaw bulay, naniyam kalaumayan garem,Hoiyan hoiyan nalu hoyan, Adalepe mi adalepe mi,E mareani yo hoyan, hoiyan, hoiyan, nalu hoyan, iya ho hoyan. Patiyagami, patiyagami, Ku kanbali etani kingmong.

33. The Saisiyat Generally speaking, they are divided into two communities: North and South. The South Saisiyat are scattered across Miyawli County, and in the plain areas alongside the Han Hakka people. The North Saisiyat inhabit the mountain areas of the Hsinchu County.

34. So’o Kazahay! The Saisiyat have a well-developed pantheon. There are, in fact, four deities, each with specialized functions: Pacusiru is concerned with birth, Tenanto with death, Kaaran with rain, and Ta’ay with agriculture (Fujizaki, 1930). They hold ceremonies to placate the dwarfs and invoke their forgiveness in a well-known annual ceremony.

35. The Tsou/ Aviyoviyoyu A well-known folk song celebrates the Tsou as an example of the aboriginal peoples of Taiwan in the following terms: The mountains are green, the flowing waters blue; the lasses of Alishan are as graceful as the water, and the lads as rugged as the mountains... The Tsou originally specialized in hunting and fishing. Each family had its particular fishing and hunting area, and could only catch fish or animals in their own designated area.There are two main features of the Tsou: one is that they are noteworthy for using leather for clothing, inclusive of caps, detached sleeves, tight leggings, and puckered moccasins, and the other is their men’s house ‘kuba’.

36. Male: Meiyomey eiya awey! Female: A..a..a..! Meiyomey eiya awey! Male: Ata peyposo! Female: Nanano! Chorus: O..o..o..! Meiyomey eiya awey! A..a..a.. Meiyomey eiya awey!

37. The Thao/ IdasauPasta kalinking The Thao are the tenth ethnic minority group of Taiwan after the Amis, Atayal, Paiwan, Bunun, Puyuma, Rukai, Tsou, Saisiat, and Tau (Yami). In 2001 they were recognized as the tenth group with 283 people only. Since the Qing dynasty, they have nearly been assimilated into Chinese society. They lived by growing millet, and pounding it to remove its ears with a mortar and different sizes and lengths of pestles, making a specific and elaborate rhythm and sound (Tung, Masegseg C. 1996: 144-147).

38. 噶瑪蘭族 Kavalan/KebalanWanay • In 2002, the Kavalan, meaning people living on the plain, became the 11th indigenous ethnicity to receive formal designation by the Executive Yuan. Kavalan society is primarily based on matrilineal clans, like the Amis and Puyuma. Banana fibers are used to make material for clothing.

39. Truku /Teruku(Taroko)太魯閣 • The Truku ethnicity is located mostly in Hsiou-Lin and Wan-Rong villages of Hualian County, and Ren-Ay Village of Nantou County. In 2003, the Truku became the 12th officially designated indigenous ethnicity in Taiwan. They deeply believe that the ancestral spirits are the guardians of the "gaya" (social systems and orders). • 在2004年1月14日獲得官方承認，成為第12個臺灣原住民族。

40. Rimuy maku rimuy wah!Rimuy maku rimuy wah!Rimuy maku rimuy wah!唯有英勇無比、善於狩獵，通過層層的關卡考驗的男人才有資格紋臉。少女必須擅長於搗米、釀酒、織布、料理家事及照料家人，在紋上臉後，才可堪稱美女。

41. Sakizaya撒奇萊雅族 • The Sakizaya were recognized as a 13th ethnicity on January 17, 2007 (Cheng 2007). The famous Galiwan incident in 1878, whcih the Qing then tried to commit genocide of the Sakizaya ethnicity, caused them to hide within the Amis tribes for safety. Since the Sakizayan language is more than 60% different from the Amis language, they became the 13th officially designated aboriginal ethnicity in Taiwan.

42. O ‘ilol Ako ci Kakaan:Missing my Lover • Yo cilin-cilin yo cilin-cilin ko citingsa to na ni amis-ay. Hay hapinang han ako ili, ma-tiya o tangic ni safa i rarom tina tireng. • Sa kotay-kotay, sa kotay-kotay no saan ci safa.Hay mi-sikol no saan kako, ma-lecad to pisikol ni kaka i rarom tina tireng. • Sa tafesiw-fesiw, tafesiw-fesiw no saan ci safa.Hay mi-sikol no saan kako, ma-lecad to pisikol ni kaka i rarom tina tireng.

43. 塞德克族 SeediqSeejiq/Sediq • 賽德克族是2008年4月23日官方承認的台灣第14個原住民族，人口約六七千多人，居住於山澗狹谷，依傍於大自然之界，應用自然之物獲取生命的延續。賽德克族深深相信，每一個賽德克族人都會經過彩虹橋，最後在傳統倫理中接受審視，並在個人行為的得與失、貞與不貞、忠與誠之間，回到祖靈世界。賽德克（Seediq）在南投方面的有「Tegedaya德克達雅/霧社群」、「Toda都達群」、「Teruku德路固群」，在花蓮方面的有「太魯閣群Taroko」、「Tawsay道賽群」、「Pribaw木瓜群」等六個部族。

44. The Tau (Yami) The Tau (which means simply human beings) are also known as Yami, a name given to them by the Japanese anthropologist, Torii Tatsuzo. Just 3,987 Tau live on a small isolated island, called Orchid Isle.Fishing plays an important role in their economy, and that is why their many rituals relate to fishing activities. Two aspects of their life are worthy of mention: the notion of sharing and the number of doors in the house.For Tau male adults, building boats is like shaping a male body: it is a sacred task equated with the creation of life.

45. Multilingualism is a natural product of language spread and development in Taiwan. As we know that an important characteristic of a multilingual society is the allocation of functions and distribution of languages across various domains, but the present generation of Taiwan’s aborigines do not understand themselves fully, and know very little about their own cultural heritage. Without distinct aboriginal social structure, language, customs and culture, how could Taiwan make up further promote its unique cultural scene?

46. Conclusion • The variety of languages and cultures associated with different groups, countries, communities, generations, and individuals is a source of great enrichment and offers the potential for endless exploration. • Exposure to other cultures can help us to understand ourselves in relation to others and others in relation to ourselves. It also promotes respect and tolerance for others.

47. Many thanks! Tosiya！Simongi! Maljimalji! Ayoi!Wanay! Pasta KalinkingMa’alo！Maelanenga!Uninang!U’uraisa!Layuwan! Kokay!Aray/Ahowid！Mahoway!

48. 鐵飯碗是一輩子到那兒都有飯吃; 不是在一個地方吃一輩子的飯!

49. 地球村民 中國人 亞洲人 台灣人 競爭力 軟能力包括溝通能力、解決問題的能力、待人處事態度與傾聽多元意見的能力等，這些就是職場強調的就業基本能力。 「知識在真人互動」注入新活力，讓學習事半功倍。

50. 原住民舞團留存台灣原住民音樂舞蹈之美 2008 全國大專院校原住民舞蹈比賽總冠軍 2008受邀參加第十二任總統、副總統就職大典演出於台北小巨蛋 2008參加太平洋盃東部校際球賽開幕表演 2008全國創意舞蹈大賽榮獲大專組冠軍。 2007全國大專院校原住民舞蹈比賽獲全國總冠軍。 2007受邀參加花蓮跨年晚會之表演活動 2006全國大專院校原住民舞蹈比賽獲得全國亞軍。 2006東華大學校慶運動會創意進場冠軍 2006東華大學校慶之志學踩街競賽冠軍 2006東華大學與中國西南民族大學文化交流晚會表演 2005全國大專院校原住民舞蹈比賽亞軍